{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T01:39:32Z","timestamp":1790732372504,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR\u201017\u2010CE14\u20100021;ANR\u201021\u2010CE14\u20100016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR\u201017\u2010CE14\u20100021;ANR\u201021\u2010CE14\u20100016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009187","name":"Medical Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["REP202110014143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REP202110014143"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009187","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biology of the Cell"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Over the past decade, significant advancements have been made in understanding the developmental mechanisms involved in human gastrointestinal formation, with organoids emerging as key experimental models. These three\u2010dimensional in vitro cellular structures mimic the organization and functions of various gut regions, providing a powerful tool for research. By replicating critical stages of gut development, we can now direct the differentiation of cells into specific gastrointestinal tissues. In this protocol, we outline how to generate two types of organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs): human intestinal organoids (HIOs) and human colonic organoids (HCOs). First, we induce definitive endoderm formation to produce these organoids and specify midgut\/hindgut tissues. Three\u2010dimensional spheroids form spontaneously, can be collected, embedded in an extracellular matrix, and cultured over time. During this phase, the organoid epithelium develops, supported by a mesenchymal layer that promotes maturation and differentiation. After a month of culture, HIOs and HCOs reach a developmental and maturation stage comparable to that of the human fetal intestine. These organoids can be used to study human gastrointestinal development, model diseases, and test therapeutic agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/boc.70044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T14:18:18Z","timestamp":1765549098000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Generation of Intestinal and Colonic Organoids Derived From Human Pluripotent Stem Cells"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"Lola","family":"Bonneau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nantes Universit\u00e9, CHU Nantes, Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD  Nantes France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4204-0844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Brossard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nantes Universit\u00e9, CHU Nantes, Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD  Nantes France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8961-3208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theo","family":"No\u00ebl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nantes Universit\u00e9, CHU Nantes, Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD  Nantes France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8738-6813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Perreaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nantes Universit\u00e9, CHU Nantes, Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD  Nantes France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6616-6620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Bachir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nantes 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M.","family":"Mahe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nantes Universit\u00e9, CHU Nantes, Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD  Nantes France"},{"name":"Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center  Cincinnati Ohio 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