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The discovery of an <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NMO<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010specific autoantibody to the aquaporin\u20104 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AQP<\/jats:styled-content>4) water channel has improved knowledge of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NMO<\/jats:styled-content> pathogenesis. Many studies have focused on inflammatory and pathological biomarkers of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NMO<\/jats:styled-content>, including cytokines and chemokines. Increased concentrations of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content> helper (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Th<\/jats:styled-content>)17\u2010 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Th<\/jats:styled-content>2\u2010related cytokines and chemokines may be essential factors for developing <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NMO<\/jats:styled-content> inflammatory lesions. For example, interleukin\u20106 could play important roles in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NMO<\/jats:styled-content> pathogenesis, as it is involved in the survival of plasmablasts that produce anti\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AQP<\/jats:styled-content>4 antibody in peripheral circulation and in the enhancement of inflammation in the central nervous system. Therefore, assessment of these useful biomarkers may become a supportive criterion for diagnosing <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NMO<\/jats:styled-content>. Significant advances in the understanding of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NMO<\/jats:styled-content> pathogenesis will lead to the development of novel treatment strategies. This review focuses on the current advances in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NMO<\/jats:styled-content> immunological research, particularly that of cytokines and chemokines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,18]],"date-time":"2013-12-18T02:06:01Z","timestamp":1387332361000},"page":"67-73","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Cytokines and Chemokines in Neuromyelitis Optica: Pathogenetic and Therapeutic Implications"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Akiyuki","family":"Uzawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University  Chiba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mori","family":"Masahiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University  Chiba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Kuwabara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University  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