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As some of the clinical symptoms (eg, oculomotor dysfunctions) suggested a degeneration of select brainstem nuclei, we performed a systematic investigation of the brainstem of eight clinically diagnosed and genetically confirmed <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HD<\/jats:styled-content> patients. This post\u2010mortem investigation revealed a consistent neuronal loss in the substantia nigra, pontine nuclei, reticulotegmental nucleus of the pons, superior and inferior olives, in the area of the excitatory burst neurons for horizontal saccades, raphe interpositus nucleus and vestibular nuclei. Immunoreactive intranuclear neuronal inclusions were present in all degenerated and apparently spared brainstem nuclei and immunoreactive axonal inclusions were observed in all brainstem fiber tracts of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HD<\/jats:styled-content> patients. Degeneration of brainstem nuclei can account for a number of less well\u2010understood clinical <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HD<\/jats:styled-content> symptoms (ie, cerebellar, oculomotor and vestibular symptoms), while the formation of axonal aggregates may represent a crucial event in the cascades of pathological events leading to neurodegeneration in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HD<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,13]],"date-time":"2013-12-13T10:12:40Z","timestamp":1386929560000},"page":"247-260","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["<scp>H<\/scp>untington's <scp>D<\/scp>isease (<scp>HD<\/scp>): Degeneration of Select Nuclei, Widespread Occurrence of Neuronal Nuclear and Axonal Inclusions in the Brainstem"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Udo","family":"R\u00fcb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Senckenberg 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