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In <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>heiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMEV<\/jats:styled-content>) infection, during the first week (acute stage), mice develop polioencephalomyelitis. After 3 weeks (chronic stage), mice develop immune\u2010mediated demyelination with virus persistence, which has been used as a viral model for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MS<\/jats:styled-content>. Regulatory <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content> cells (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>regs) can suppress inflammation, and have been suggested to be protective in immune\u2010mediated diseases, including <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MS<\/jats:styled-content>. However, in virus\u2010induced inflammatory demyelination, although <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>regs can suppress inflammation, preventing immune\u2010mediated pathology, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>regs may also suppress antiviral immune responses, leading to more active viral replication and\/or persistence. To determine the role and potential translational usage of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>regs in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MS<\/jats:styled-content>, we treated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMEV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010infected mice with <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic> generated induced <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>regs (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">iTregs<\/jats:styled-content>) on day 0 (early) or during the chronic stage (therapeutic). Early treatment worsened clinical signs during acute disease. The exacerbation of acute disease was associated with increased virus titers and decreased immune cell recruitment in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CNS<\/jats:styled-content>. Therapeutic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">iTreg<\/jats:styled-content> treatment reduced inflammatory demyelination during chronic disease. Immunologically, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">iTreg<\/jats:styled-content> treatment increased interleukin\u201010 production from <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content> cells, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content> cells and dendritic cells, which may contribute to the decreased <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CNS<\/jats:styled-content> inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,14]],"date-time":"2014-01-14T08:14:43Z","timestamp":1389687283000},"page":"436-451","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Protective and Detrimental Roles for Regulatory <scp>T<\/scp> Cells in a Viral Model for Multiple Sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Nicholas E.","family":"Martinez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center  Shreveport LA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fridrik","family":"Karlsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center  Shreveport LA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fumitaka","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center  Shreveport LA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eiichiro","family":"Kawai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center  Shreveport LA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seiichi","family":"Omura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center  Shreveport LA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Minagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center  Shreveport LA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew. 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