{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T20:04:50Z","timestamp":1792181090893,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,30]],"date-time":"2014-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1414627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"AANF\/CMSC John F. Kurtzke Clinician-Scientist Development Award"},{"name":"Goodger Scholarship (University of Oxford)"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013373","name":"NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013373","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Pathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Olfactory dysfunction is common in multiple sclerosis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MS<\/jats:styled-content>). Olfactory bulb and tract pathology in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MS<\/jats:styled-content> and other demyelinating diseases remain unexplored. A human autopsy cohort of pathologically confirmed cases encompassing the spectrum of demyelinating disease (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MS<\/jats:styled-content>; n\u2009=\u200917), neuromyelitis optica [(<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NMO<\/jats:styled-content>); n\u2009=\u20093] and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis [(<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADEM<\/jats:styled-content>); n\u2009=\u20097] was compared to neuroinflammatory [herpes simplex virus encephalitis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HSE<\/jats:styled-content>); n\u2009=\u20093], neurodegenerative [<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>lzheimer's disease (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AD<\/jats:styled-content>); n\u2009=\u20094] and non\u2010neurologic (n\u2009=\u20098) controls. For each case, olfactory bulbs and\/or tracts were stained for myelin, axons and inflammation. Inferior frontal cortex and hippocampus were stained for myelin in a subset of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MS<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADEM<\/jats:styled-content> cases. Olfactory bulb\/tract demyelination was frequent in all demyelinating diseases [<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MS<\/jats:styled-content> 12\/17 (70.6%); <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADEM<\/jats:styled-content> 3\/7 (42.9%); <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NMO<\/jats:styled-content> 2\/3 (66.7%)] but was absent in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HSE<\/jats:styled-content>, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AD<\/jats:styled-content> and non\u2010neurologic controls. Inflammation was greater in the demyelinating diseases compared to non\u2010neurologic controls. Olfactory bulb\/tract axonal loss was most severe in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MS<\/jats:styled-content> where it correlated significantly with the extent of demyelination (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.610, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.009) and parenchymal inflammation (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.681, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003). The extent of olfactory bulb\/tract demyelination correlated with that found in the adjacent inferior frontal cortex but not hippocampus. We provide unequivocal evidence that olfactory bulb\/tract demyelination is frequent, can occur early and is highly inflammatory, and is specific to demyelinating disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,17]],"date-time":"2014-09-17T12:03:13Z","timestamp":1410955393000},"page":"543-551","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Olfactory Pathology in Central Nervous System Demyelinating Diseases"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Gabriele C.","family":"DeLuca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Medical School University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jithin","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard L.","family":"Yates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Hamard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Hofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret M.","family":"Esiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","volume-title":"Pathological Anatomy; Illustrations of the Elementary Forms of Disease","author":"Carswell R","year":"1838"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","unstructured":"CharcotJHistologie de la sclerose en plaques. 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