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We describe three\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    viruses that have recently emerged in the human population to mediate severe neurological disease. These new diseases are results of new mutations in the infectious agents or new exposure pathways to the agents or both. To appreciate their pathogenesis, we summarize the essential virology and immune response to each agent. Infection is described in the context of known host defenses. Once the viruses evade immune defenses and enter central nervous system (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CNS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) cells, they rapidly co\u2010opt host\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    processing to a cataclysmic extent. It is not clear why the brain is particularly susceptible to\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    viruses; but perhaps because of its tremendous dependence on\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    processing for physiological functioning, classical mechanisms of host defense (eg, interferon disruption of viral replication) are diminished or not available. Effectiveness of immunity, immunization and pharmacological therapies is reviewed to contextualize the scope of the public health challenge. Unfortunately, vaccines that confer protection from systemic disease do not necessarily confer protection for the brain after exposure through unconventional routes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,15]],"date-time":"2015-08-15T04:39:55Z","timestamp":1439613595000},"page":"634-650","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Emerging Infections of\n                    <scp>CNS<\/scp>\n                    : Avian Influenza\n                    <scp>A<\/scp>\n                    Virus,\n                    <scp>R<\/scp>\n                    ift\n                    <scp>V<\/scp>\n                    alley Fever Virus and Human Parechovirus"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Clayton A.","family":"Wiley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh 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