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Most research attention has been focused on penumbra while the pattern of cell fates inside the ischemic core is poorly defined. In the present investigation, we tested the hypothesis that, inside the ischemic core, some neuronal and vascular cells could survive the initial ischemic insult while regenerative niches might exist many days after stroke in the adult brain. Adult mice were subjected to focal cerebral ischemia induced by permanent occlusion of distal branches of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) plus transient ligations of bilateral common carotid artery (CCA). The ischemic insult uniformly reduced the local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) by 90%. Massive cell death occurred due to multiple mechanisms and a significant infarction was cultivated in the ischemic cortex 24 h later. Nevertheless, normal or even higher levels of brain\u2010derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) persistently remained in the core tissue, some NeuN\u2010positive and Glut\u20101\/College IV\u2010positive cells with intact ultrastructural features resided in the core 7\u201014 days post stroke. BrdU\u2010positive but TUNEL\u2010negative neuronal and endothelial cells were detected in the core where extensive extracellular matrix infrastructure developed. Meanwhile, GFAP\u2010positive astrocytes accumulated in the penumbra and Iba\u20101\u2010positive microglial\/macrophages invaded the core several days after stroke. The long term survival of neuronal and vascular cells inside the ischemic core was also seen after a severe ischemic stroke induced by permanent embolic occlusion of the MCA. We demonstrate that a therapeutic intervention of pharmacological hypothermia could save neurons\/endothelial cells inside the core. These data suggest that the ischemic core is an actively regulated brain region with residual and newly formed viable neuronal and vascular cells acutely and chronically after at least some types of ischemic strokes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,11]],"date-time":"2016-08-11T15:26:41Z","timestamp":1470929201000},"page":"480-498","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Long\u2010term survival and regeneration of neuronal and vasculature cells inside the core region after ischemic stroke in adult mice"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Michael Qize","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying\u2010Ying","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology Emory University School of 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