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There are three major associated clinical syndromes, behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), semantic dementia (SD) and progressive non\u2010fluent aphasia (PNFA); three principal histologies, involving tau, TDP\u201043 and FUS proteins; and mutations in three major genes, <jats:italic>MAPT<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>GRN<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C9orf72<\/jats:italic>, along with several other less common gene mutations. All three clinical syndromes can exist separately or in combination with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). SD is exclusively a TDP\u201043 proteinopathy, and PNFA may be so, with both showing tight clinical, histological and genetic inter\u2010relationships. bvFTD is more of a challenge with overlapping histological and genetic features, involvement of any of the three aggregating proteins, and changes in any of the three major genes. However, when ALS is present, all cases show a clear histological phenotype with TDP\u201043 aggregated proteins, and familial forms are associated with expansions in <jats:italic>C9orf72<\/jats:italic>. TDP\u201043 and FUS are nuclear carrier proteins involved in the regulation of RNA metabolism, whereas tau protein \u2013 the product of <jats:italic>MAPT<\/jats:italic> \u2013 is responsible for the assembly\/disassembly of microtubules, which are vital for intracellular transport. Mutations in TDP\u201043 and FUS genes are linked to clinical ALS rather than FTLD (with or without ALS), suggesting that clinical ALS may be a disorder of RNA metabolism. Conversely, the protein products of <jats:italic>GRN<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C9orf72<\/jats:italic>, along with those of the other minor genes, appear to form part of the cellular protein degradation machinery. It is possible therefore that FTLD is a reflection of dysfunction within lysosomal\/proteasomal systems resulting in failure to remove potentially neurotoxic (TDP\u201043 and tau) aggregates, which ultimately overwhelm capacity to function. Spread of aggregates along distinct pathways may account for the different clinical phenotypes, and patterns of progression of disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,18]],"date-time":"2017-01-18T23:33:34Z","timestamp":1484782414000},"page":"723-736","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":141,"title":["Frontotemporal lobar degeneration: Pathogenesis, pathology and pathways to phenotype"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"David M.A.","family":"Mann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences University of Manchester, Salford Royal Hospital Salford M6 8HD UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie S.","family":"Snowden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological 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