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GBM single\u2010cell suspensions were stained at diagnosis (n\u00a0=\u00a044) and recurrence following radiotherapy and chemotherapy (n\u00a0=\u00a011) with a panel of 8\u2010color monoclonal antibody combinations for the identification and enumeration of (GFAP<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD45<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>) tumor and normal astrocytic cells, infiltrating myeloid cells \u2014i.e. microglial and blood\u2010derived tumor\u2010associated macrophages (TAM), M1\u2010like, and M2\u2010like TAM, neutrophils. and myeloid\u2010derived suppressor cells (MDSC)\u2014 and tumor\u2010infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) \u2014i.e. CD3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T\u2010cells and their TCD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, TCD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, TCD4<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>CD8<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>, and (CD25<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD127<jats:sup>lo<\/jats:sup>) regulatory (T\u2010regs) subsets, (CD19<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD20<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>) B\u2010cells, and (CD16<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>) NK\u2010cells\u2014. Overall, GBM samples consisted of a major population (mean\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01SD) of tumor and normal astrocytic cells (73%\u00a0\u00b1\u00a016%) together with a significant but variable fraction of immune cells (24%\u00a0\u00b1\u00a018%). Within myeloid cells, TAM predominated (13%\u00a0\u00b1\u00a012%) including both microglial cells (10%\u00a0\u00b1\u00a011%) and blood\u2010derived macrophages (3%\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05%), in addition to a smaller proportion of neutrophils (5%\u00a0\u00b1\u00a09%) and MDSC (4%\u00a0\u00b1\u00a08%). Lymphocytes were less represented and mostly included TCD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> (0.5%\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.7%) and TCD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cells (0.6%\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.7%), together with lower numbers of TCD4<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>CD8<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> T\u2010cells (0.2%\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.4%), T\u2010regs (0.1%\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.2%), B\u2010lymphocytes (0.1%\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.2%) and NK\u2010cells (0.05%\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.05%). Overall, three distinct immune profiles were identified: cases with a minor fraction of leucocytes, tumors with a predominance of TAM and neutrophils, and cases with mixed infiltration by TAM, neutrophils, and T\u2010lymphocytes. Untreated GBM patients with mixed myeloid and lymphoid immune infiltrates showed a significantly shorter patient overall survival versus the other two groups, in the absence of gains of the <jats:italic>EGFR<\/jats:italic> gene (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.02). Here we show that immune cell infiltrates are systematically present in GBM, with highly variable levels and immune profiles. Patients with mixed myeloid and T\u2010lymphoid infiltrates showed a worse outcome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]],"date-time":"2020-12-14T12:30:30Z","timestamp":1607949030000},"page":"365-380","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Tumor cell and immune cell profiles in primary human glioblastoma: Impact on patient outcome"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9774-1558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez\u2010Tablas Pimenta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de Salamanca IBSAL\u2014University Hospital of Salamanca Salamanca Spain"},{"name":"Centre for Cancer Research (CIC\u2010IBMCC; CSIC\/USAL; IBSAL) Department of Medicine University of Salamanca Salamanca 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