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Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent methods were used to assess the distribution and quantification of total and perivascular microglial cell densities in 68 brains focusing on the frontal lobe WM and overlying neocortex in post\u2010stroke dementia (PSD), post\u2010stroke non\u2010dementia (PSND) and similar age control subjects. We primarily used CD68 as a marker of phagocytic microglia, as well as other markers of microglia including Iba\u20101 and TMEM119, and the myeloid cell marker TREM2 to assess dementia\u2010specific changes. We first noted greater total densities of CD68<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and TREM2<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cells per mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> in the frontal WM compared to the overlying cortex across the stroke cases and controls (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.001). PSD subjects showed increased percentage of activated perivascular CD68<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cells distinct from ramified or primed microglia in the WM (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). However, there was no apparent change in perivascular TREM2<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cells. Total densities of TREM2<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cells were only ~10% of CD68<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cells but there was high degree of overlap (&gt;70%) between them in both the WM and the cortex. CD68 and Iba\u20101 or CD68 and TMEM119 markers were colocalised by ~55%. Within the deep WM, ~30% of CD68+ cells were co\u2010localised with fragments of degraded myelin basic protein. Among fragmented CD68+ cells in adjacent WM of PSD subjects, &gt;80% of the cells expressed cleaved caspase\u20103. Our observations suggest although the overall repertoire of perivascular microglial cells is not changed in the parenchyma, PSD subjects accrue more perivascular\u2010activated CD68+ microglia rather than TREM2+ cells. This implies there is a subset of CD68+ cells, which are responsible for the differential response in perivascular inflammation within the gliovascular unit of the deep WM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.13101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]],"date-time":"2022-06-24T08:58:44Z","timestamp":1656061124000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Differential perivascular microglial activation in the deep white matter in vascular dementia developed post\u2010stroke"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9538-905X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshiki","family":"Hase","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational and Clinical Research Institute Newcastle University  Newcastle upon Tyne UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamar 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Research Institute Newcastle University  Newcastle upon Tyne UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayushi","family":"Mahesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational and Clinical Research Institute Newcastle University  Newcastle upon Tyne UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational and Clinical Research Institute Newcastle University  Newcastle upon Tyne UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Pickering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational and Clinical Research Institute Newcastle University  Newcastle upon Tyne UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Bodman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational and Clinical Research Institute Newcastle University  Newcastle upon Tyne 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