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This study aims to investigate the impact of anthelmintic treatment on neuropathological features in a rat model of neurocysticercosis. Rats were intracranially infected with <jats:italic>Taenia solium<\/jats:italic> oncospheres and treated with albendazole + praziquantel (ABZ), oxfendazole + praziquantel (OXF), or untreated placebo (UT) for 7\u2009days. Following the last dose of treatment, brain tissues were evaluated at 24\u2009h and 2\u2009months. We performed neuropathological assessment for cyst damage, perilesional brain inflammation, presence of axonal spheroids, and spongy changes. Both treatments showed comparable efficacy in cyst damage and inflammation. The presence of spongy change correlated with spheroids counts and were not affected by anthelmintic treatment. Compared to white matter, gray matter showed greater spongy change (91.7% vs. 21.4%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001), higher spheroids count (45.2 vs. 0.2, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0001), and increased inflammation (72.0% vs. 21.4%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003). In this rat model, <jats:italic>anthelmintic treatment destroyed<\/jats:italic> brain parasitic cysts at the cost of local inflammation similar to what is described in human neurocysticercosis. Axonal spheroids and spongy changes as markers of damage were topographically correlated, and not affected by anthelmintic treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.13237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T05:49:25Z","timestamp":1705038565000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Understanding the pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic effects in neurocysticercosis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5997-5206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gino","family":"Castillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Laboratory Research\u2010LID, Facultad de Ciencia e Ingenier\u00eda Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia  Lima Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lizbeth","family":"Fustamante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Laboratory Research\u2010LID, Facultad de Ciencia e Ingenier\u00eda Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia  Lima Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana D.","family":"Delgado\u2010Kamiche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Laboratory Research\u2010LID, Facultad de Ciencia e Ingenier\u00eda Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia  Lima Peru"},{"name":"Solomon H. 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