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After induction, they bind to their <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN\u2010\u03b1\/\u03b2<\/jats:styled-content> receptor, which leads to downstream signalling resulting in the expression of numerous different <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010stimulated genes. These genes encode anti\u2010viral proteins that directly inhibit viral replication as well as modulate immune function. Thus, the induction of type <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I IFN<\/jats:styled-content> is a very powerful tool for the host to fight virus infections. Many viruses evade this response by various strategies like the direct suppression of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content> induction or inhibition of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content> signalling pathway. Therefore, the therapeutic application of exogenous type <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I IFN<\/jats:styled-content> or molecules that induce strong <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content> responses should be of great potential for future immunotherapies against viral infections. Type <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I IFN<\/jats:styled-content> is currently used as a treatment in chronic hepatitis <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content> virus infection, but as yet is not widely utilized for other viral infections. One reason for this restricted clinical use is that type <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I IFN<\/jats:styled-content> belongs to a multigene family that includes 13 different <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN\u2010\u03b1<\/jats:styled-content> subtypes and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN\u2010<\/jats:styled-content>\u03b2, whose individual anti\u2010viral and immunomodulatory properties have so far not been investigated in detail to improve <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content> therapy against viral infections in humans. In this review, we summarize the recent achievements in defining the distinct biological functions of type <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I IFN<\/jats:styled-content> subtypes in cell culture and in animal models of viral infection as well as their clinical usage in chronic hepatitis virus infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,17]],"date-time":"2012-10-17T04:02:15Z","timestamp":1350446535000},"page":"1048-1058","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":175,"title":["<scp>IFN\u2010\u03b1<\/scp> subtypes: distinct biological activities in anti\u2010viral therapy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"168","author":[{"given":"K","family":"Gibbert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology University Hospital Essen  Essen 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