{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T11:43:42Z","timestamp":1785671022637,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,17]],"date-time":"2013-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1379376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British J Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"abstract":"Background and Purpose<\/jats:title>We evaluated the anti\u2010emetic and anti\u2010nausea properties of the acid precursor of \u03949<\/jats:sup>\u2010tetrahydrocannabinol (THC<\/jats:styled-content>), tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA<\/jats:styled-content>), and determined its mechanism of action in these animal models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Experimental Approach<\/jats:title>We investigated the effect of THCA<\/jats:styled-content> on lithium chloride\u2010 (LiCl<\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content>) induced conditioned gaping (nausea\u2010induced behaviour) to a flavour, and context (a model of anticipatory nausea) in rats, and on LiCl<\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content>\u2010induced vomiting in S<\/jats:styled-content>uncus murinus<\/jats:italic>. Furthermore, we investigated THCA<\/jats:styled-content>'s ability to induce hypothermia and suppress locomotion [rodent tasks to assess cannabinoid1<\/jats:sub> (CB<\/jats:styled-content>1<\/jats:sub>) receptor agonist\u2010like activity], and measured plasma and brain THCA<\/jats:styled-content> and THC<\/jats:styled-content> levels. We also determined whether THCA<\/jats:styled-content>'s effect could be blocked by pretreatment with SR141716 (SR<\/jats:styled-content>, a CB<\/jats:styled-content>1<\/jats:sub> receptor antagonist).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Key Results<\/jats:title>In rats, THCA<\/jats:styled-content> (0.05 and\/or 0.5\u2009mg\u00b7kg\u22121<\/jats:sup>) suppressed LiCl<\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content>\u2010induced conditioned gaping to a flavour and context; the latter effect blocked by the CB<\/jats:styled-content>1<\/jats:sub> receptor antagonist, SR<\/jats:styled-content>, but not by the 5\u2010hydroxytryptamine\u20101A receptor antagonist, WAY<\/jats:styled-content>100635. In S<\/jats:styled-content>.\u2009murinus<\/jats:italic>, THCA<\/jats:styled-content> (0.05 and 0.5\u2009mg\u00b7kg\u22121<\/jats:sup>) reduced LiCl<\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content>\u2010induced vomiting, an effect that was reversed with SR<\/jats:styled-content>. A comparatively low dose of THC<\/jats:styled-content> (0.05\u2009mg\u00b7kg\u22121<\/jats:sup>) did not suppress conditioned gaping to a LiCl<\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content>\u2010paired flavour or context. THCA<\/jats:styled-content> did not induce hypothermia or reduce locomotion, indicating non\u2010CB<\/jats:styled-content>1<\/jats:sub> agonist\u2010like effects. THCA<\/jats:styled-content>, but not THC<\/jats:styled-content> was detected in plasma samples.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions and Implications<\/jats:title>THCA<\/jats:styled-content> potently reduced conditioned gaping in rats and vomiting in S<\/jats:styled-content>.\u2009murinus<\/jats:italic>, effects that were blocked by SR<\/jats:styled-content>. These data suggest that THCA<\/jats:styled-content> may be a more potent alternative to THC<\/jats:styled-content> in the treatment of nausea and vomiting.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,14]],"date-time":"2013-08-14T14:30:19Z","timestamp":1376490619000},"page":"641-648","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid reduces nausea\u2010induced conditioned gaping in rats and vomiting in S<\/scp>uncus murinus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"170","author":[{"given":"E M","family":"Rock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Guelph Guelph ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R L","family":"Kopstick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Guelph Guelph ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C L","family":"Limebeer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Guelph Guelph ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L A","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Guelph Guelph ON 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