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However, research of anxiety disorders and fear\u2010related memories during development has been largely neglected, and existing treatments have been developed based on adult models of anxiety. The present review describes animal models of anxiety disorders across development and what is currently known of their pharmacology. To summarize, the underlying mechanisms of intrinsic \u2018unlearned\u2019 fear are poorly understood, especially beyond the period of infancy. Models using \u2018learned\u2019 fear reveal that through development, rats exhibit a stress hyporesponsive period before postnatal day 10, where they paradoxically form odour\u2010shock preferences, and then switch to more adult\u2010like conditioned fear responses. Juvenile rats appear to forget these aversive associations more easily, as is observed with the phenomenon of infantile amnesia. Juvenile rats also undergo more robust extinction, until adolescence where they display increased resistance to extinction. Maturation of brain structures, such as the amygdala, prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, along with the different temporal recruitment and involvement of various neurotransmitter systems (including<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NMDA<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GABA<\/jats:styled-content>, corticosterone and opioids) are responsible for these developmental changes. Taken together, the studies described in this review highlight that there is a period early in development where rats appear to be more robust in overcoming adverse early life experience. We need to understand the fundamental pharmacological processes underlying anxiety early in life in order to take advantage of this period for the treatment of anxiety disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Linked Articles<\/jats:title><jats:p>This article is part of a themed section on Animal Models in Psychiatry Research. To view the other articles in this section visit<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111\/bph.2014.171.issue-20\">http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111\/bph.2014.171.issue-20<\/jats:ext-link><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12643","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,17]],"date-time":"2014-02-17T09:43:28Z","timestamp":1392630208000},"page":"4556-4574","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["Developmental rodent models of fear and anxiety: from neurobiology to pharmacology"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"171","author":[{"given":"Despina E","family":"Ganella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioural Neuroscience Division The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health Parkville VIC Australia"},{"name":"Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health University of Melbourne Parkville VIC 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