{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:45:59Z","timestamp":1787013959361,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,10]],"date-time":"2015-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1439164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["R01 MH104603-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 MH104603-01"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["P20 GM103638"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20 GM103638"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["UL1 TR000001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR000001"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["UL1RR033179"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1RR033179"]}]},{"name":"Tourette Syndrome Association"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007859","name":"University of Kansas","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007859","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British J Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"abstract":"\n Background and Purpose<\/jats:title>\n \n The\n D1CT<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u20107 mouse is one of the best known animal models of\n T<\/jats:styled-content>\n ourette syndrome (\n TS<\/jats:styled-content>\n ), featuring spontaneous tic\u2010like behaviours sensitive to standard\n TS<\/jats:styled-content>\n therapies; these characteristics ensure a high face and predictive validity of this model, yet its construct validity remains elusive. To address this issue, we studied the responses of\n D1CT<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u20107 mice to two critical components of\n TS<\/jats:styled-content>\n pathophysiology: the exacerbation of tic\u2010like behaviours in response to stress and the presence of sensorimotor gating deficits, which are thought to reflect the perceptual alterations causing the tics.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Experimental Approach<\/jats:title>\n \n D1CT<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u20107 and wild\u2010type (\n WT<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) littermates were subjected to a 20\u2009min session of spatial confinement (\n SC<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) within an inescapable, 10\u2009cm wide cylindrical enclosure. Changes in plasma corticosterone levels, tic\u2010like behaviours and other spontaneous responses were measured.\n SC<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010exposed mice were also tested for the prepulse inhibition (\n PPI<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) of the startle response (a sensorimotor gating index) and other\n TS<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010related behaviours, including open\u2010field locomotion, novel object exploration and social interaction and compared with non\u2010confined counterparts.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Key Results<\/jats:title>\n \n SC<\/jats:styled-content>\n produced a marked increase in corticosterone concentrations in both\n D1CT<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u20107 and\n WT<\/jats:styled-content>\n mice. In\n D1CT<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u20107, but not\n WT<\/jats:styled-content>\n mice,\n SC<\/jats:styled-content>\n exacerbated tic\u2010like and digging behaviours, and triggered\n PPI<\/jats:styled-content>\n deficits and aggressive responses. Conversely, SC did not modify locomotor activity or novel object exploration in\n D1CT<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u20107 mice. Both tic\u2010like behaviours and\n PPI<\/jats:styled-content>\n impairments in\n SC<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010exposed\n D1CT<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u20107 mice were inhibited by standard\n TS<\/jats:styled-content>\n therapies and\n \n D\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n dopamine receptor antagonism.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Implications<\/jats:title>\n \n These findings collectively support the translational and construct validity of\n D1CT<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u20107 mice with respect to\n TS<\/jats:styled-content>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Linked Articles<\/jats:title>\n \n This article is part of a themed section on Updating Neuropathology and Neuropharmacology of Monoaminergic Systems. To view the other articles in this section visit\n http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/bph.v173.13\/issuetoc<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,14]],"date-time":"2015-07-14T12:43:27Z","timestamp":1436877807000},"page":"2111-2121","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["The\n D1CT<\/scp>\n \u20107 mouse model of\n T<\/scp>\n ourette syndrome displays sensorimotor gating deficits in response to spatial confinement"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"173","author":[{"given":"Sean C","family":"Godar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology School of Pharmacy University of Kansas Lawrence KS USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura J","family":"Mosher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology School of Pharmacy University of Kansas Lawrence KS USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hunter J","family":"Strathman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology School of Pharmacy University of Kansas Lawrence KS USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea M","family":"Gochi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Southern California Los Angeles CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cori M","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology School of Pharmacy University of Kansas Lawrence KS USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen C","family":"Fowler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology School of Pharmacy 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