{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T22:02:22Z","timestamp":1783980142210,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,5]],"date-time":"2016-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1462406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British J Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Skeletal muscles and bones form a joined functional unit sharing a complex mechanical, biochemical and hormonal crosstalk. A number of factors, including sex hormones, physiologically regulate the musculoskeletal system. Striking gender differences in muscle and bone mass, and function are mainly caused by distinct actions exerted by oestrogens and androgens. However, relaxin and relaxin\u2010related peptides, such as insulin\u2010like peptide 3 (INSL3), might contribute to these sex\u2010associated differences in physiological and pathological conditions (such as osteoporosis and sarcopenia). Relaxin is a \u2018pregnancy\u2019 hormone, but it is also produced from the prostate gland, and has recently attracted attention as a potential drug for cardiovascular disorders and fibrosis. In contrast, INSL3 is a male\u2010specific hormone produced by the Leydig cells of the testis with a fundamental role in testicular descent during fetal life. Recent evidence suggests that both hormones have interesting roles in the musculoskeletal system. Relaxin and INSL3, by finely tuning bone formation and resorption, are involved in bone remodelling processes, and relaxin contributes to the healing of injured ligaments and promotes skeletal muscle regeneration. Here, we review the most recent findings on the effects of relaxin and INSL3 on skeletal muscle and the cell components of bone. In the light of the experimental evidence available and animal models, their clinical implications are also discussed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Linked Articles<\/jats:title><jats:p>This article is part of a themed section on Recent Progress in the Understanding of Relaxin Family Peptides and their Receptors. To view the other articles in this section visit <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/bph.v174.10\/issuetoc\">http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/bph.v174.10\/issuetoc<\/jats:ext-link><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,10]],"date-time":"2016-04-10T12:34:41Z","timestamp":1460291681000},"page":"1015-1024","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Relaxin and insulin\u2010like peptide 3 in the musculoskeletal system: from bench to bedside"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"174","author":[{"given":"Alberto","family":"Ferlin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Operative Unit of Andrology and Medicine of Human Reproduction University of Padova  Padova 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