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To redress this issue, ziconotide (Prialt\u2122) was developed and approved as a first\u2010in\u2010class synthetic version of \u03c9\u2010conotoxin MVIIA, a peptide blocker of Ca<jats:sub>v<\/jats:sub>2.2 channels. Unfortunately, the impracticalities of intrathecal delivery, low therapeutic index and severe neurological side effects associated with ziconotide have restricted its use to exceptional circumstances. Ziconotide exhibits no state or use\u2010dependent block of Ca<jats:sub>v<\/jats:sub>2.2 channels; activation state\u2010dependent blockers were hypothesized to circumvent the side effects of state\u2010independent blockers by selectively targeting high\u2010frequency firing of nociceptive neurones in chronic pain states, thus alleviating aberrant pain but not affecting normal sensory transduction. Unfortunately, numerous drugs, including state\u2010dependent calcium channel blockers, have displayed efficacy in preclinical models but have subsequently been disappointing in clinical trials. In recent years, it has become more widely acknowledged that trans\u2010aetiological sensory profiles exist amongst chronic pain patients and may indicate similar underlying mechanisms and drug sensitivities. Heterogeneity amongst patients, a reliance on stimulus\u2010evoked endpoints in preclinical studies and a failure to utilize translatable endpoints, all are likely to have contributed to negative clinical trial results. We provide an overview of how electrophysiological and operant\u2010based assays provide insight into sensory and affective aspects of pain in animal models and how these may relate to chronic pain patients in order to improve the bench\u2010to\u2010bedside translation of calcium channel modulators.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Linked Articles<\/jats:title><jats:p>This article is part of a themed section on Recent Advances in Targeting Ion Channels to Treat Chronic Pain. To view the other articles in this section visit<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/bph.v175.12\/issuetoc\">http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/bph.v175.12\/issuetoc<\/jats:ext-link><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13789","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,20]],"date-time":"2017-03-20T21:52:41Z","timestamp":1490046761000},"page":"2173-2184","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Calcium channel modulation as a target in chronic pain control"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"175","author":[{"given":"Ryan","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology University College London London 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