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The chronobiotic role of pineal melatonin, as well as its protective effects\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      , have been extensively explored. However, the interaction between the chronobiotic and defence functions of endogenous melatonin has been little investigated. This review details the current knowledge regarding the coordinated shift in melatonin synthesis from the pineal gland (circadian and monitoring roles) to the regulation of acute immune responses\n                      <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>\n                      immune cell production and autocrine effects, producing systemic interactions termed the immune\u2010pineal axis. An acute inflammatory response drives the transcription factor, NF\u03baB, to switch melatonin synthesis from pinealocytes to macrophages\/microglia and, upon acute inflammatory resolution, back to pinealocytes. The potential pathophysiological relevance of immune\u2010pineal axis dysregulation is highlighted, with both research and clinical implications, across several medical conditions, including host\/parasite interaction, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Linked Articles<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This article is part of a themed section on Recent Developments in Research of Melatonin and its Potential Therapeutic Applications. To view the other articles in this section visit\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/bph.v175.16\/issuetoc\">http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/bph.v175.16\/issuetoc<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,4]],"date-time":"2017-11-04T15:02:53Z","timestamp":1509807773000},"page":"3239-3250","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":161,"title":["Immune\u2010pineal axis \u2013 acute inflammatory responses coordinate melatonin synthesis by pinealocytes and phagocytes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"175","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4606-6120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Regina 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