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PE is associated with an imbalance among B lymphocytes, CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T lymphocytes, NK cells and increased inflammatory cytokines. During early onset PE, trophoblast invasion and placentation are impaired, leading to reduced blood flow to the fetus. In all spectrums of this disorder, a shift towards a pro\u2010inflammatory state where regulatory cells and cytokines are decreased occurs. Specifically, inflammatory CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T\u2010cells and inflammatory cytokines are increased while CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T regulatory cells (Tregs) and immunosuppressive cytokines such as IL\u20104 and IL\u201010 are decreased resulting in B cell activation, production of autoantibodies, endothelial dysfunction and hypertension associated with PE. However, the stimulus for these imbalances is unknown and need to be fully understood so that effective treatments that target the pathogenesis of the disease can be designed. Therefore, this review will focus on the pathways involving CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      , TH1, TH2, Tregs, TH17s, B cells, and NK cells in the pathophysiology of PE.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Linked Articles<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This article is part of a themed section on Immune Targets in Hypertension. To view the other articles in this section visit\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/bph.v176.12\/issuetoc\">http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/bph.v176.12\/issuetoc<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,10]],"date-time":"2018-08-10T07:54:49Z","timestamp":1533887689000},"page":"1914-1921","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Inflammatory mediators: a causal link to hypertension during preeclampsia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"176","author":[{"given":"Denise C","family":"Cornelius","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology University of Mississippi Medical Center  Jackson MS USA"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine University of Mississippi Medical Center  Jackson MS USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesse","family":"Cottrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Mississippi Medical Center  Jackson MS USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorena M","family":"Amaral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine University of Mississippi Medical Center  Jackson MS USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3340-6088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Babbette","family":"LaMarca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology University of Mississippi Medical Center  Jackson MS USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Mississippi Medical Center  Jackson MS USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"189","volume-title":"Cellular and Molecular Immunolog","author":"Abbus A","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13878"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13876"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13882"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2013.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3160"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(02)02587-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200425929"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pregnancy\u2010related mortality surveillance \u2013 United States, 1991\u20131999","volume":"52","author":"Chang J","year":"2003","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00253"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpu100"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.143.8.1033"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.1997.tb00222.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1179545X17752325"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00154.2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00117.2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00273.2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.01514"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","unstructured":"CreasyRK ResnikR GreeneMF IamsJD &LockwoodCJCreasy and Resnik's maternal\u2010fetal medicine: principles and practice. 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