{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T01:44:12Z","timestamp":1790214252299,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":163,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,21]],"date-time":"2019-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RF1 AG058463"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF1 AG058463"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R37 NSO96593"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R37 NSO96593"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British J Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>The incidence of dementia, most commonly caused by cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, continues to grow as our population ages. Alzheimer disease (AD) and vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) are responsible for more than 80% of all cases of dementia. There are few effective, long\u2010term treatments for AD and VCI\u2010related conditions (e.g., stroke and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA)). This review focuses on AD (as the most common \u201cneurodegenerative\u201d cause of dementia), CAA (as an \u201cemerging\u201d cause of dementia), and stroke (as the most common cause of \u201cvascular\u201d dementia). We will discuss the available literature on the pharmacological therapies that demonstrate sex differences, which refer to any combination of structural, chromosomal, gonadal, or hormonal differences between males and females. We will emphasize the importance of considering sex as a biological variable in the design of preclinical and clinical studies that investigate underlying pathologies or response to pharmacological interventions in dementia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>LINKED ARTICLES<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This article is part of a themed section on The Importance of Sex Differences in Pharmacology Research. To view the other articles in this section visit\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/bph.v176.21\/issuetoc\">http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/bph.v176.21\/issuetoc<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14675","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,5]],"date-time":"2019-04-05T05:36:48Z","timestamp":1554442608000},"page":"4173-4192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Sex as a biological variable in the pathology and pharmacology of neurodegenerative and neurovascular diseases"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"176","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9126-6271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedram","family":"Honarpisheh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Texas McGovern Medical School  Houston Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise D.","family":"McCullough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Texas McGovern Medical School  Houston Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13880"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13877"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13883"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13879"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12296"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000579"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2016-314697"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k4109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2007.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000558"},{"issue":"120","key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","first-page":"41","article-title":"Public health importance of vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease with cerebrovascular disease","author":"Bennett D.","year":"2001","journal-title":"International Journal of Clinical Practice Supplement"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.3.306"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","first-page":"CD001191","article-title":"Rivastigmine for Alzheimer's disease","author":"Birks J. 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