{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T08:48:40Z","timestamp":1778575720906,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,12]],"date-time":"2020-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British J Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The renin\u2013angiotensin system (RAS) now underlies the successful treatment of almost 50% of the patients in cardiovascular medicine, with serious possibilities of extension to diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and cancer. This clinical transformation started just over 50 years ago, with the unexpected identification of a bradykinin\u2010potentiating peptide from snake venom, as a potent inhibitor of ACE which led to the development of the first synthetic inhibitor, captopril, followed by the angiotensin receptor blockers. This article analyses the transformation of the RAS into its different stages, from academic experiments to clinical use and back to the laboratory, identifying the critical events involved, both clinical and scientific. The analysis also assesses the contributions of chance, coincidence, and conviction that were crucial in this transformation. Although questions remain, the transformation of the RAS over the past five decades provides a success story for medicine, for pharmacology, and, most significantly, for patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,7]],"date-time":"2020-03-07T01:49:40Z","timestamp":1583545780000},"page":"2657-2665","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["How ACE inhibitors transformed the renin\u2013angiotensin system"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"177","author":[{"given":"Y.S.","family":"Bakhle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NHLI Imperial College London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","first-page":"821","article-title":"Effect of ramipril on mortality and morbidity of survivors of acute myocardial infarction with clinical evidence of heart failure","volume":"342","author":"AIRE (Acute Infarction Ramipril Efficacy) study investigators","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14748"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14752"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1254\/jjp.29.285"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/220919a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.112.006809"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-018-0697-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","first-page":"145","article-title":"Angiotensin II blockade in normal man and patients with essential hypertension. 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