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Here we have investigated the source of dopamine in gastric juice and the mechanism underlying the effects of luminal dopamine on duodenal bicarbonate secretion (DBS) in rodents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Experimental Approach<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Immunofluorescence, UPLC\u2010MS\/MS, gastric incubation and perfusion were used to detect gastric\u2010derived dopamine. Immunofluorescence and RT\u2010PCR were used to examine the expression of dopamine receptors in the duodenal mucosa. Real\u2010time pH titration and pH\n                      <jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>\n                      measurement were performed to investigate DBS.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      H\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2010K\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2010ATPase was co\u2010localized with tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine transporters in gastric parietal cells. Dopamine was increased in in vivo gastric perfusate after\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.baidu.com\/link?url=YS7gU8WKiQ0fcSlSGUZ3aYIqP-7CY3wzFcHPI3FpeKcRa-W72uXVJ674_ytCt6J12p6mAjx4R7HHQXXCb3iQhme_W2vtzXtiTGRecIBG1Otl726ZJYS9NVrb8-xaqZcr\">intravenous<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      infusion of histamine and in gastric mucosa incubated, in vitro, with bethanechol chloride or tyrosine. D\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      receptors were the most abundant dopamine receptors in rat duodenum, mainly distributed on the apical membrane of epithelial cells. Luminal dopamine increased DBS in a concentration\u2010dependent manner, an effect mimicked by a D\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      receptor agonist quinpirole and inhibited by the D\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      receptor antagonist L741,626, in vivo D\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      receptor siRNA and in D\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      receptor\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      mice. Dopamine and quinpirole raised the duodenal enterocyte pH\n                      <jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>\n                      . Quinpirole\u2010evoked DBS and PI3K\/Akt activity were inhibited by calcium chelator BAPTA\u2010AM or in D\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      receptor\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      mice.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion and Implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Dopamine in the gastric juice is derived from parietal cells and is secreted along with gastric acid. On arrival in the duodenal lumen, dopamine increased DBS via an apical D\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      receptor\u2010 and calcium\u2010dependent pathway. Our data provide novel insights into the protective effects of dopamine on the duodenal mucosa.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]],"date-time":"2020-03-10T06:50:37Z","timestamp":1583823037000},"page":"3258-3272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Source of dopamine in gastric juice and luminal dopamine\u2010induced duodenal bicarbonate secretion via apical dopamine D\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    receptors"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"177","author":[{"given":"Xiao\u2010Yan","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science Capital Medical University  Beijing 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