{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T12:09:49Z","timestamp":1791461389483,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]],"date-time":"2022-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]],"date-time":"2022-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644883200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WE 1688\/19\u20101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WE 1688\/19\u20101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British J Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic low\u2010grade inflammation and immune cell activation are important mechanisms in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Therefore, targeted immunosuppression is a promising novel therapy to reduce cardiovascular risk. In this review, we identify the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) on immune cells as a potential target to modulate inflammation. The MR is present in almost all cells of the cardiovascular system, including immune cells. Activation of the MRs in innate and adaptive immune cells induces inflammation which can contribute to CVD, by inducing endothelial dysfunction and hypertension. Moreover, it accelerates atherosclerotic plaque formation and destabilization and impairs tissue regeneration after ischaemic events. Identifying the molecular targets for these non\u2010renal actions of the MR provides promising novel cardiovascular drug targets for mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), which are currently mainly applied in hypertension and heart failure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>LINKED ARTICLES<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This article is part of a themed issue on Emerging Fields for Therapeutic Targeting of the Aldosterone\u2010Mineralocorticoid Receptor Signaling Pathway. To view the other articles in this section visit\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/bph.v179.13\/issuetoc\">http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/bph.v179.13\/issuetoc<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15782","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]],"date-time":"2021-12-22T03:30:19Z","timestamp":1640143819000},"page":"3135-3151","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["The role of the mineralocorticoid receptor in immune cells in cardiovascular disease"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"179","author":[{"given":"Charlotte D. C. C.","family":"van der Heijden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Radboud University Medical Center  Nijmegen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlies","family":"Bode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"III. Department of Medicine University Hospital Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niels P.","family":"Riksen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Radboud University Medical Center  Nijmegen The Netherlands"},{"name":"Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS) Radboud University Medical Center  Nijmegen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0116-255X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrich O.","family":"Wenzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"III. Department of Medicine University Hospital Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_17_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa736"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15538"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15540"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15541"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15542"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15537"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15543"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.02883"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002067"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.1180479"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3037703"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2025845"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.310985"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.12.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.303887"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2003.02249.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2014.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2011-2098"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpy158"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.024369"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2017.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2016.04.004"},{"issue":"162","key":"e_1_2_17_25_1","article-title":"Western diet triggers NLRP3\u2010dependent innate immune reprogramming","volume":"172","author":"Christ A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.312509"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000181743.28028.57"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093513"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-018-0073-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4065"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-019-0981-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqz010"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61914-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.12162"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.598441"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2004-0539"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-17-0060"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-17-0119"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IBPC.S13783"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-17-0264"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20070657"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0802886"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3281268532"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2012111094"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000000619"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000038140.80105.AD"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr176"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.09063"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03663"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.308903"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.181123"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-200306000-00019"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000127949.05756.9D"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-010-0159-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/18\/34\/345202"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI70391"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13230"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvy252"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2011.142"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1734-1140(13)70983-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.312465"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.09070"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110950"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2016.31.4.567"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2016.12.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.163287"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010814-124302"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1960"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.14612"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145946"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00304.2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.112.000018"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01319"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30319-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.08.2147"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3520"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2019.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.309194"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf1098"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-15-0318"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036814"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030207"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199909023411001"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0b013e31826f5535"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1470320312467558"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001041"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.131110"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199704033361401"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1809798"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1707914"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.14406"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000176236.55322.18"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-16-0659"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.21.3.781-793.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.13773"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2016-1040"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.739243"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.739243"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-019-0326-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.932994"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706700"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.128512"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjhyper.2006.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajh.2008.243"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.115.307031"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.310480"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1230719"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1912388"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.05431"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.191767"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2017.04.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jhh.2013.13"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI41080"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2013.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvy092"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.119.315800"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvz137"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2017.7310"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz306"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.020838"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138161209789058093"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-17-0351"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2011.693"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.171348"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2015050562"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-020-03409-0"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/bph.15782","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/bph.15782","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/bph.15782","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T03:16:21Z","timestamp":1780974981000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/bph.15782"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]]},"references-count":125,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/bph.15782"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bph.15782","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1188","1476-5381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1188","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-08-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-11-22","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-02-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}