{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T05:22:36Z","timestamp":1792732956113,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British J Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The use of the intoxicating cannabinoid delta\u20108\u2010tetrahydrocannabinol (\u0394\n                    <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2010THC) has grown rapidly over the last several years. There have been dozens of \u0394\n                    <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2010THC studies dating back over many decades, yet no review articles have comprehensively covered these findings. In this review, we summarize the pharmacological studies of \u0394\n                    <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2010THC, including receptor binding, cell signalling,\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    cannabimimetic activity, clinical activity and pharmacokinetics. We give special focus to studies that directly compared \u0394\n                    <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2010THC to its more commonly studied isomer, \u0394\n                    <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2010THC. Overall, the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of \u0394\n                    <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2010THC and \u0394\n                    <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2010THC are very similar. \u0394\n                    <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2010THC is a partial agonist of the cannabinoid CB\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    receptor and has cannabimimetic activity in both animals and humans. The reduced potency of \u0394\n                    <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2010THC in clinical studies compared with \u0394\n                    <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2010THC can be explained by weaker cannabinoid CB\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    receptor affinity, although there are other plausible mechanisms that may contribute. We highlight the gaps in our knowledge of \u0394\n                    <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2010THC pharmacology where further studies are needed, particularly in humans.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15865","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T21:53:05Z","timestamp":1651873985000},"page":"3915-3933","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":116,"title":["Review of delta\u20108\u2010tetrahydrocannabinol (\u0394\n                    <sup>8<\/sup>\n                    \u2010THC): Comparative pharmacology with \u0394\n                    <sup>9<\/sup>\n                    \u2010THC"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"179","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8942-586X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Tagen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Verdient Science LLC  Denver Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3453-9744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda E.","family":"Klumpers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Verdient Science LLC  Denver Colorado"},{"name":"Tomori Pharmacology Inc.  Denver Colorado USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine University of Vermont  Burlington Vermont USA"},{"name":"Anebulo Pharmaceuticals Inc.  Austin Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(95)00194-B"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"705","article-title":"Marihuana: Harvey lecture, February 19, 1942","volume":"18","author":"Adams R.","year":"1942","journal-title":"Bulletin of the new York Academy of Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","volume-title":"Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(69)90122-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(70)90048-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15538"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20081837"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(05)80051-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2009.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2008.00096.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2017.50"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.2.14.2846397"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/225087a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jm950934b"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"Binding of delta\u20108\u2010THC to human serum proteins: Binding as a function of lipoprotein composition","volume":"9","author":"Capelle N.","year":"1976","journal-title":"European Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(91)90355-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1973.tb08534.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1974.tb08594.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.172.3979.165"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","first-page":"201","article-title":"Pharmacological profile of a series of bicyclic cannabinoid analogs: Classification as cannabimimetic agents","volume":"260","author":"Compton D. 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