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We hypothesized that nimodipine attenuates the pro\u2010inflammatory shift in microglial phenotypes. Here, we analysed the effects of nimodipine on morphological and functional microglial phenotypes as well as their transcriptomic profile.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Experimental Approach<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Live brain slice preparations from C57BL\/6 mice and primary microglia cultures from neonatal Sprague Dawley rats were used. Microglia were activated either by ischemia or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and preparations were treated with nimodipine (5\u201310\u201320\u2009\u03bcM). Microglial morphological phenotypes, phagocytic activity, Iba1 expression and TNF\u2010\u03b1 levels were evaluated. Total RNA was isolated from monocultures and processed for next generation RNA sequencing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      LPS resulted in a pro\u2010inflammatory microglial phenotype, affecting the expression of cytokines, the complement system and phagocytosis\u2010related genes. LPS increased the transcription of ionotropic purinergic and TRP channels but decreased the expression of voltage\u2010 and ligand\u2010gated calcium channels, down\u2010regulated the expression of Ryr and IP\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      receptors and increased transcription of the SERCA calcium pump. Nimodipine suppressed the amoeboid morphological transformation and phagocytosis and altered the expression of 110 genes in the opposite direction to LPS activation, of which at least 20 were associated with the microglial immune response, seven with cell adhesion and two with autophagy regulation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion and Implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The effect of nimodipine goes beyond cerebral vasorelaxation. Nimodipine attenuates microglial activation by modulating Ca\n                      <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2010dependent gene expression involved in intracellular signalling cascades to drive microglial immune responses. Consideration should be given to expanding the use of nimodipine beyond vasorelaxation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.70060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T19:55:38Z","timestamp":1745265338000},"page":"3800-3817","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Nimodipine reduces microglial activation in vitro as evidenced by morphological phenotype, phagocytic activity and high\u2010throughput RNA sequencing"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"182","author":[{"given":"Istv\u00e1n","family":"Pesti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine \u2013 University of Szeged, Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism Research Group  Szeged Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Albert Szent\u2010Gy\u00f6rgyi Medical School and Faculty of Science and Informatics University of Szeged  Szeged Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentin","family":"Varga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Delta Bio 2000 Ltd.  Szeged Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erda","family":"Qorri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Delta Bio 2000 Ltd.  Szeged Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Frank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine \u2013 University of Szeged, Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism Research Group  Szeged Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Albert Szent\u2010Gy\u00f6rgyi Medical School and Faculty of Science and Informatics University of Szeged  Szeged Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Kata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Laboratory Medicine University of Szeged  Szeged Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kriszti\u00e1n","family":"Vinga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Albert Szent\u2010Gy\u00f6rgyi Medical School and Faculty of Science and Informatics University of Szeged  Szeged Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P\u00e9ter Archibald","family":"Szarvas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine \u2013 University of Szeged, Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism Research Group  Szeged Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Albert Szent\u2010Gy\u00f6rgyi Medical School and Faculty of Science and Informatics University of Szeged  Szeged Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1kos","family":"Menyh\u00e1rt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine \u2013 University of Szeged, Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism Research Group  Szeged Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Albert Szent\u2010Gy\u00f6rgyi Medical School and Faculty of Science and Informatics University of Szeged  Szeged Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K\u00e1roly","family":"Gulya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Albert Szent\u2010Gy\u00f6rgyi Medical School and Faculty of Science and Informatics University of Szeged  Szeged Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferenc","family":"Bari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, Albert Szent\u2010Gy\u00f6rgyi Medical School and Faculty of Science and Informatics University of Szeged  Szeged Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8478-9664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eszter","family":"Farkas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine \u2013 University of Szeged, Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism Research Group  Szeged Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Albert Szent\u2010Gy\u00f6rgyi Medical School and Faculty of Science and Informatics University of Szeged  Szeged Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.31.6.1250"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.03.062"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15537"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198303173081103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","unstructured":"Andrews S.(2010).FastQC: A quality control tool for high throughput sequence data. 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