{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T19:44:32Z","timestamp":1787600672660,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003995","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2408085Y041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2408085Y041"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003995","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82160821"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82160821"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British J Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vitiligo, a common depigmenting skin disorder, is characterised by the selective loss of melanocytes, which leads to distinctive non\u2010scaly, chalky\u2010white macules. Galangin is a flavonoid found in galangal and propolis; our previous study highlighted the therapeutic potential of galangin. However, the contributions of galangin to restoring skin pigmentation and maintaining immune homeostasis, as well as its detailed molecular roles in vitiligo management, have not been fully elucidated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Experimental Approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used C57BL\/6J mice with H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010induced vitiligo or imiquimod\u2010induced erythema, to test the anti\u2010vitiligo effects and anti\u2010inflammatory effects of galangin. Other techniques used included immunoprecipitation\u2010mass spectrometry, pull\u2010down assays, Autodock and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis in cultured cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Galangin exerted anti\u2010inflammatory and antioxidant effects through two mechanisms, promoting melanocyte proliferation while inhibiting macrophage proliferation. Using immunoprecipitation\u2010mass spectrometry, pull\u2010down assays, Autodock and SPR analyses, we found that galangin bound to annexin A2 and promoted its degradation in macrophages. This interaction led to inhibition of macrophage proliferation, activation and polarisation. In vivo, galangin significantly improved skin conditions in mice with H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010induced vitiligo or imiquimod\u2010induced erythema. Furthermore, annexin A2 knockout abolished the protective effects of galangin in these models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions and Implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>Galangin bound to annexin A2 and promoted its degradation in macrophages, decreasing release of inflammatory factors and chemokines. These findings provide experimental evidence supporting the potential application of galangin in clinical treatments for vitiligo and highlight ANXA2 as a promising therapeutic target for managing this condition.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.70103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T21:24:54Z","timestamp":1750195494000},"page":"4647-4667","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Galangin alleviates vitiligo by targeting ANXA2 degradation in macrophages"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"182","author":[{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Uygur Medical Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region  \u00dcr\u00fcmqi China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Evidence\u2010Based and Translation, Hospital Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Uygur Medical Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region  \u00dcr\u00fcmqi China"},{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Immune Microenvironment and Immunotherapy The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University  Hefei China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abudureyimu","family":"Alimujiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Uygur Medical Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region  \u00dcr\u00fcmqi China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Evidence\u2010Based and Translation, Hospital Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Uygur Medical Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region  \u00dcr\u00fcmqi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zehua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Immune Microenvironment and Immunotherapy The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University  Hefei China"},{"name":"Innovative Institute of Tumor Immunity and Medicine (ITIM) The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University  Hefei China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zulipikaer","family":"Wusiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Uygur Medical Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region  \u00dcr\u00fcmqi China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Evidence\u2010Based and Translation, Hospital Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Uygur Medical Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region  \u00dcr\u00fcmqi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangran","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Uygur Medical Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region  \u00dcr\u00fcmqi China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Evidence\u2010Based and Translation, Hospital Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Uygur Medical Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region  \u00dcr\u00fcmqi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Immune Microenvironment and Immunotherapy The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University  Hefei China"},{"name":"Innovative Institute of Tumor Immunity and Medicine (ITIM) The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University  Hefei China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yipeng","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Immune Microenvironment and Immunotherapy The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University  Hefei China"},{"name":"Innovative Institute of Tumor Immunity and Medicine (ITIM) The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University  Hefei China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziqi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Immune Microenvironment and Immunotherapy The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University  Hefei China"},{"name":"Innovative Institute of Tumor Immunity and Medicine (ITIM) The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University  Hefei China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhijian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Uygur Medical Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region  \u00dcr\u00fcmqi China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Evidence\u2010Based and Translation, Hospital Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Uygur Medical Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region  \u00dcr\u00fcmqi China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy Shihezi University  Shihezi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9502-0543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dengqiu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Immune Microenvironment and Immunotherapy The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University  Hefei China"},{"name":"Innovative Institute of Tumor Immunity and Medicine (ITIM) The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University  Hefei China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shixia","family":"Huo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Uygur Medical Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region  \u00dcr\u00fcmqi China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Evidence\u2010Based and Translation, Hospital Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Uygur Medical Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region  \u00dcr\u00fcmqi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2019.12.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.16182"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.16181"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.16180"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.16176"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14112"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45034-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.19754"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2016.12.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.133772"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11040492"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04293-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21754"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.07.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.45211"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-04692-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15868"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2021.102033"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2019.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2023.109764"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(14)60763-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-4126"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-100919-023531"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-022516-034348"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7874"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5161"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.6247"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abn9299"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-015-0428-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.16090"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0477-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-024-02955-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.646628"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15178"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42420-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2017.11.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.05.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-018-0851-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.17349"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2021.09.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-0654-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.19505"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000410"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2007.02228.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aam7710"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2024.156516"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2008.73"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42714-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-05172-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.75434"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-021-08868-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.09.056"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101500"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-020-01928-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.36030"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04221-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.10.059"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/6732972"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/bph.70103","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T00:23:34Z","timestamp":1756859014000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/bph.70103"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/bph.70103"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bph.70103","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1188","1476-5381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1188","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-09-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-12","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-17","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}