{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T02:50:23Z","timestamp":1788922223766,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753315200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004271","name":"Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AR122181634AA6CD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AR122181634AA6CD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004271","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RF\u20102021\u201012374450"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF\u20102021\u201012374450"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British J Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In some individuals, opioid use leads to decreased interest in socially relevant rewards. Recent studies showed that after extended\u2010access heroin self\u2010administration, rats strongly prefer social interaction over single unit\u2010dose heroin infusions. We hypothesized that this strong social preference results from access to a suboptimal heroin dose during testing, and individual differences in heroin versus social choice would emerge if rats were given access to their \u2018preferred\u2019 heroin dose.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Experimental Approach<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In Experiment 1, we trained male rats to lever\u2010press for social interaction, followed by heroin self\u2010administration under continuous\u2010access, no\u2010timeout schedule, which promotes burst\u2010patterned heroin taking. We then tested the rats for choice between single\u2010unit heroin dose and 1\u2010min full\u2010contact social interaction, or 5\u2010min heroin\u2010access (sufficient for burst\u2010patterned heroin taking) and 5\u2010min social interaction. In Experiment 2, we extended the 5\u2010min access procedure to female rats and tested heroin versus limited\u2010contact (screen\u2010based) social interaction. We also manipulated response requirements (effort) for heroin.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rats given a single\u2010unit heroin dose during choice testing, strongly preferred social interaction. In rats given 5\u2010min heroin\u2010access, large individual differences in heroin preference emerged. These differences were independent of sex, social\u2010interaction conditions and effort manipulations. High heroin intake and burst\u2010patterned heroin taking during self\u2010administration, and high heroin seeking during abstinence predicted individual differences in heroin preference.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion and Implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Access to \u2018preferred\u2019 heroin doses during the choice tests leads to stable and effort\u2010independent individual differences in heroin preference. This procedure provides a platform to study mechanisms of resilience and vulnerability to opioid addiction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.70125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T07:50:48Z","timestamp":1753343448000},"page":"5596-5610","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A procedure to identify persistent and effort\u2010independent individual differences in preference for heroin over rewarding social interaction"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"182","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0475-6641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ginevra","family":"D'Ottavio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Sapienza University of Rome  Rome Italy"},{"name":"Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia)  Rome Italy"},{"name":"Intramural Research Program NIDA, 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Anatomy and Neurobiology University of Maryland School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele S.","family":"Milella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology Unit Policlinic Umberto I University Hospital  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6925-5130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Boix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Forensic Research, Department of Forensic Sciences Oslo University Hospital  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yavin","family":"Shaham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intramural Research Program NIDA, NIH  Baltimore Maryland 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