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After retrieval, a 2\u2010cm distal ureter segment was isolated and incubated in Krebs\u2013Henseleit solution at 37\u00b0C with continuous oxygenation. Basal 6\u2010ND release was measured using liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry. Studies were performed on 5\u2010mm ureter rings mounted in tissue baths with isometric tension recorded via PowerLab system. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), S100, Pgp9.5 and eNOS expression were analysed using immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The basal release of 6\u2010ND was significantly reduced in epithelium\u2010denuded compared with intact\u2010epithelium samples. 6\u2010ND induced concentration\u2010dependent contractions of human ureter rings (pEC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      5.3\u2009\u00b1\u20090.2). In addition, 6\u2010ND at 10 and 100\u2009nM significantly potentiated contractions induced by noradrenaline and at 1 and 10\u2009nM by adrenaline. TH was detected in epithelial cells of all human ureter samples (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20095), with moderate to strong positivity. TH expression was confirmed by FISH. S100 and Pgp9.5 immunostaining revealed distinct patterns of nerve fibres in the tunica media and adventitia, while eNOS and TH were both expressed in the mucosal epithelium, with eNOS mainly at the surface and TH towards the basal layer.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The finding that 6\u2010ND is released by human ureter and modulates ureter smooth muscle contractility offers a novel insight on ureteral peristalsis mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.70324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T08:07:59Z","timestamp":1767773279000},"page":"2360-2375","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A role for epithelium\u2010derived 6\u2010nitrodopamine on human 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