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However, our study discovered that this nonabsorbable compound can improve allergic asthma. This study focuses on elucidating the mechanisms underlying PGG's anti\u2010allergic asthma effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PGG serum metabolites were analyzed by UPLC\/Q\u2010TOF MS. To further explore its mechanisms, 16S rRNA sequencing, qPCR, and UPLC\/Q\u2010TOF MS were used to assess gut microbiota and metabolites. Fecal microbiota transplantation from PGG\u2010treated mice into antibiotic\u2010treated asthmatic mice evaluated its microbiota\u2010dependent effects. Flow cytometry analyzed PGG's modulation of pulmonary ILC2s in a murine asthma\u2011colitis comorbid model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      PGG's serum metabolites were below the quantification limit. PGG administration improved colonic injury and modulated\n                      <jats:italic>L. reuteri<\/jats:italic>\n                      ; notably, exogenous\n                      <jats:italic>L. reuteri<\/jats:italic>\n                      alleviated asthma via increasing I3A from Trp metabolism. However, fecal microbiota transplantation from PGG\u2010treated mice did not alleviate asthma, and PGG remained effective in microbiota\u2010depleted mice, suggesting its action is microbiota\u2010independent. Furthermore, PGG alleviated intestinal inflammation in both normal and antibiotic\u2010treated asthmatic mice. In a comorbid colitis\u2010asthma model, PGG counteracted colitis\u2010aggravated asthma symptoms by modulating lung ILC2s.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion and Implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although PGG modulates the gut microbiota and related metabolites, its anti\u2010asthmatic effect is not primarily dependent on this pathway. Notably, it can ameliorate lung ILC2 dysregulation by alleviating enteritis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.70345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T00:50:58Z","timestamp":1769820658000},"page":"2556-2577","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Pentagalloylglucose, a limited oral bioavailability polyphenol, improves allergic asthma through regulating gut microbiota and modulating enteritis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"183","author":[{"given":"Xia'nan","family":"Sang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy Zhejiang Chinese Medical University  Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qitong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy Zhejiang Chinese Medical University  Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minjing","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy Zhejiang Chinese Medical University  Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengyao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy Zhejiang Chinese Medical University  Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuedong","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy Zhejiang Chinese Medical University  Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy Zhejiang Chinese Medical University  Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy Zhejiang Chinese Medical University  Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy Zhejiang Chinese Medical University  Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","first-page":"S289","article-title":"The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2023\/24: Enzymes","volume":"180","author":"Alexander S. 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