{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:46:04Z","timestamp":1787013964959,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81503084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81503084"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British J Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by mucosal inflammation and a range of clinical symptoms, including abdominal pain, diarrhoea and bloody stools. Evidence indicates that UC is associated with an imbalance M1\/M2 polarization of macrophages. Ginsenoside compound K (GCK) has anti\u2010inflammatory potential the mechanism of action remains unclear. Whether GCK regulates macrophage polarization via \u03b2\u2010subunits of long\u2010chain L\u20103\u2010hydroxyacyl\u2010CoA (HADHB)\u2010mediated fatty acid oxidation (FAO)b was investigated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Experimental Approach<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The expression of HADHB and macrophage polarization were analysed in both UC patients and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)\u2010induced UC mice. The effects of GCK on macrophage polarization and FAO\u2010related indicators were evaluated using a DSS\u2010induced UC mouse model and LPS\u2010stimulated RAW264.7 cells, via flow cytometry, western blot, RT\u2010qPCR, dual\u2010luciferase reporter assay and metabolite detection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In both UC patients and DSS\u2010induced UC mice, HADHB expression in macrophages was decreased, a finding significantly correlated with the imbalance between M1 and M2 macrophage polarization. GCK activated the glucocorticoid receptor (GR\/NR3C1), up\u2010regulated HADHB expression, promoted FAO in macrophages and modulated M1\/M2 polarization in RAW264.7 cells. GCK treatment up\u2010regulated HADHB expression, restored M1\/M2 macrophage polarization balance and ameliorated colonic inflammation in DSS\u2010induced UC mice; these effects of GCK were mediated via GR activation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>GCK regulates the M1\/M2 balance of macrophages through the GR\u2010HADHB\u2010FAO axis, thereby alleviating UC. This study reveals for the first time a novel mechanism by which GCK regulates macrophage polarization through metabolic reprogramming, offering a new potential therapeutic target and candidate drug for the clinical treatment of UC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.70428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T08:01:08Z","timestamp":1775030468000},"page":"3633-3650","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ginsenoside compound K up\u2010regulates \u03b2\u2010subunits of long\u2010chain L\u20103\u2010hydroxyacyl\u2010CoA (HADHB) to promote fatty acid oxidation recovery and improve the balance of macrophage polarization in mice with ulcerative colitis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"183","author":[{"given":"Lili","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy Anhui Medical University; Key Laboratory of 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