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However, animal models often use relatively strong inflammatory stimuli, and the effects of low\u2010intensity acute inflammation on psychostimulant\u2010induced behavioural sensitisation remain unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Experimental Approach<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We examined whether relatively low\u2010intensity acute inflammatory stimuli attenuate behavioural sensitisation in methamphetamine (METH)\u2010sensitised male mice, a model of psychostimulant\u2010induced psychosis. We used a repeated METH (1\u2009mg\u00b7kg\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      )\u2010sensitised model to evaluate the effects of acute inflammation on behavioural sensitisation. Acute inflammation was induced via two methods: lipopolysaccharides (LPS; 1\u2009\u03bcg\u00b7kg\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) to mimic peripheral immune activation and restraint stress (RS; single 2\u2010h exposure) to induce an acute stress\u2010related neuroimmune response. LPS doses were adjusted with reference to the magnitude of peripheral cytokine elevation reported in patients, and RS was applied in short single sessions to avoid excessive inflammation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>LPS and RS significantly attenuated behavioural sensitisation, without inducing other detectable behavioural abnormalities. The behavioural effects of both LPS and RS were sensitive to toll\u2010like receptor 4 (TLR4) inhibition. LPS\u2010mediated attenuation was sensitive to cyclooxygenase\u20102 (COX\u20102) inhibition, whereas RS\u2010mediated attenuation involved tumour necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 (TNF\u2010\u03b1). TNF\u2010\u03b1 expression was increased in brain\u2010isolated microglia following RS, and intrastriatal TNF\u2010\u03b1 reproduced the attenuation of behavioural sensitisation. RS, but not LPS, significantly reduced the striatal extracellular dopamine levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Acute inflammation attenuated METH\u2010induced behavioural sensitisation following low\u2010dose LPS and acute RS. These findings suggest that acute inflammation may modulate processes relevant to METH\u2010induced psychosis and highlight TNF\u2010\u03b1 as a candidate for further investigation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.70697","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T01:15:56Z","timestamp":1791249356000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Low\u2010dose LPS and acute restraint stress attenuate behavioural sensitisation in methamphetamine\u2010sensitised male mice"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5169-0891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rikuto Christopher","family":"Shinohara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine  Sapporo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2404-1945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuhei","family":"Ishikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine  Sapporo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Risa","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine  Sapporo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koki","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine  Sapporo Japan"},{"name":"Hiramatu Memorial Hospital  Sapporo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariko","family":"Tonosaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine  Sapporo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3813-1631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiina","family":"Matsuyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine  Sapporo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9352-7958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masahiro","family":"Ohgidani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience Asahikawa Medical University  Asahikawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3476-6883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minori","family":"Koga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry National Defense Medical College  Tokorozawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8311-7148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naoki","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine  Sapporo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8747-5070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ichiro","family":"Kusumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine  Sapporo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5169-2930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takahiro A.","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine  Sapporo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2007.12.488"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2010.08.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-9964(94)90035-3"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","first-page":"S1","article-title":"The concise guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2025\/26: Introduction and other protein targets","volume":"182","author":"Alexander S. 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