{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T17:38:26Z","timestamp":1781890706561,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]],"date-time":"2021-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000270","name":"Natural Environment Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Basin Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Upscaling Carbon Capture and Storage requires identification of suitable storage sites, with robust reservoir seals. The Utsira Formation in the northern North Sea has been flagged as a target for further storage. However, there are no regional studies of seal variability addressing heterogeneities that could facilitate seal bypass. This study aims to: (a) identify, assess and map the elements that promote or restrict fluid migration, (b) develop a matrix to regionally map containment confidence (CC) and (c) rank the different areas for CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> containment across the Utsira Formation. The seal and overburden were mapped using a high\u2010resolution, pre\u2010stack depth\u2010migrated 3D broadband seismic reflection dataset and 141 exploration wells. Seal geometry, sandstone presence and sandstone connectivity in the seal and overburden were assigned relative CC scores, which were summed to map overall CC of the Utsira Fm. Indicators for shallow gas and migration were mapped and correlated with the other elements. Areas with the lowest CC are in the west of the Utsira Fm. Here, sandstones within the Seal Interval are connected through the overburden via sandy submarine fans. In the southeast, dipping stratigraphy downlaps onto the Utsira Fm., increasing the potential for connection with glacially\u2010derived channel\u2010lobe systems in the overburden. The areas with the highest CC are the central and northeast parts of the Utsira Fm., where the Seal Interval is mudstone\u2010dominated and parallel to the reservoir, and channel\u2010lobe systems identified in the Overburden Interval are disconnected from the reservoir. This area coincides with a thick depocentre of the northern Utsira Fm. These results can be used to inform CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> storage site selection and constrain future CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> plume simulation analyses for the Utsira Fm. The CC matrix outlined here can also be adapted and applied to regionally assess the containment of other potential CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> storage reservoirs in any setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bre.12545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,24]],"date-time":"2021-01-24T07:53:40Z","timestamp":1611474820000},"page":"1985-2017","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["A regional CO<sub>2<\/sub> containment assessment of the northern Utsira Formation seal and overburden, northern North Sea"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5011-1284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Lloyd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Manchester Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1766-4343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mads","family":"Huuse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Manchester Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3274-822X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bonita J.","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equinor ASA Equinor Research Centre Ranheim Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret A.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Geological Survey Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0089-525X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew M. W.","family":"Newton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural and Built Environment Queen\u2019s University Belfast Belfast UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences7020035"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margeo.2010.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1190\/1.2749570"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-8172(00)00020-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511802416.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3997\/1873-0604.2017023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jqs.2934"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","unstructured":"B\u00f8e R. Magnus C. Osmundsen P. T. &Rindstad B. I.(2002).CO2point sources and subsurface storage capacities for CO2in aquifers in Norway NGU Report 2002."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijggc.2020.103119"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margeo.2017.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3997\/1873-0604.2017031"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-8937(01)80018-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpetgeo.2011.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1306\/04090705181"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijggc.2013.11.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","volume-title":"Best practice for the storage of CO2 in saline aquifers, Observations and guidelines from the SACS and CO2STORE projects","author":"Chadwick A.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2004.03.071"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2012.03.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1190\/1.3483451"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","first-page":"17","volume-title":"The Millennium Atlas: petroleum geology of the central and northern North Sea","author":"Coward M. P.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","article-title":"Scientific colour maps: Perceptually uniform and colour\u2010blind friendly","author":"Crameri F.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Zenodo"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","article-title":"A lithostratigraphic scheme for the mesozoic and cenozoic and succession offshore mid\u2010and northern norway","author":"Dalland A.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Oljedirektoratet"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3997\/1365-2397.2016006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","first-page":"305","article-title":"Age and palaeoenvironment of the Utsira Formation in the northern North Sea based on marine palynology","volume":"97","author":"De Schepper S.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Norwegian Journal of Geology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpetgeo.2014.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","first-page":"62","article-title":"Investigation of Oligocene to Lower Pliocene deposits in the Nordic offshore area and onshore Denmark","volume":"10","author":"Eidvin T.","year":"2013","journal-title":"NPD Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","first-page":"119","article-title":"Late Cainozoic stratigraphy of the Tampen area (Snorre and Visund fields) in the northern North Sea, with emphasis on the chronology of early Neogene sands","volume":"81","author":"Eidvin T.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Norwegian Journal of Geology\/Norsk Geologisk Forening"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","unstructured":"EMODnet Bathymetry Consortium. (2018).EMODnet Digital Bathymetry (DTM 2018). EMODnet Bathymetry Consortium."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","volume-title":"In\u2010depth analysis in support of the commission communication","author":"European\u2010Commission","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1144\/gsjgs.153.6.0931"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-4343(92)90075-U"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2017.03.1523"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1306\/110801720476"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2017.03.1444"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","unstructured":"GCCSI. (2020).Global status of CCS: 2020.www.globalccsinstitute.com\/resources\/global\u2010status\u2010report\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Neogene Utsira sand and its seal in the Viking Graben area, North Sea saline aquifer CO2 storage (SACS) project, phase 2 task 1.7 geology","volume":"100","author":"Gregersen U.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Report"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpetgeo.2007.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","volume-title":"CO2 Storage Atlas, Norwegian North Sea","author":"Halland E.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3997\/1365-2397.n0027"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3997\/1365-2397.n0141"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00254-004-1181-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2011.02.458"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","first-page":"355","volume-title":"The underground disposal of carbon dioxide, Final report of Joule 2, Project No. CT92\u20100031","author":"Holloway S.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","volume-title":"Seabed pockmarks and seepages: Impact on geology, biology and the marine environment","author":"Hovland M.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3091.1984.tb01813.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1144\/M46.129"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","first-page":"19","volume-title":"8th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies","author":"Ide S. T.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","unstructured":"IEA. (2016).20 years of carbon capture and storage: Accelerating future deployment.www.iea.org\/publications"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","unstructured":"IEA. (2017). Energy Technology Perspectives in 2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","volume-title":"A revised Cretaceous and Tertiary lithostratigraphic nomenclature for the Norwegian North Sea","author":"Isaksen D.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-8172(95)98852-V"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-4343(92)90070-Z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpetgeo.2019.104205"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10596-015-9487-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16776-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpetgeo.2008.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1144\/jgs2011-165"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/G33117.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences9110474"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1144\/0050293"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_62_1","first-page":"SP494\u20102018","article-title":"Influence of glaciations on North Sea petroleum systems","volume":"494","author":"Medvedev S.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geological Society, London, Special Publications"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010371308699"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_64_1","volume-title":"Evaluation of the Nordland Group overburden as an effective seal for the Sleipner CO2 storage site (offshore Norway) using analytical and stochastic modelling techniques","author":"Nicoll G. D.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijggc.2017.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-8172(95)98853-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_67_1","unstructured":"NPD. (2015).Lundin Norway AS operator of production license 674 BS is finalizing drilling of exploration well 26 \/ 10\u20131. Norwegian Petroleum Directorate.https:\/\/www.npd.no\/fakta\/nyheter\/Resultat\u2010av\u2010leteboring\/2015\/2610\u20101\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_68_1","first-page":"27","article-title":"Quaternary glaciations and their variations in Norway and on the Norwegian continental shelf","volume":"13","author":"Olsen L.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Quaternary Geology of Norway"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpetgeo.2018.08.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpetgeo.2014.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1144\/SP368.6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margeo.2020.106199"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1190\/geo2013-0363.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1144\/petgeo.4.4.353"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1144\/GSL.MEM.2004.029.01.02"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54363-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-8937(05)80050-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1144\/jgs2014-023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2118\/134891-MS"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2013.03.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_81_1","volume-title":"Climate change 2013 \u2010 the physical science basis. Working Group I contribution to the Fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","author":"Stocker T. F.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_82_1","first-page":"81","volume-title":"Oil & Gas Science and Technology \u2013 Rev. IFP Energies nouvelles","author":"Thibeau S.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_83_1","first-page":"21","volume-title":"14th Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies Conference Melbourne","author":"Thibeau S.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1302156110"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.2003.10466206"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2017.00101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1144\/GSL.SP.2004.233.01.11"}],"container-title":["Basin Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/bre.12545","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/bre.12545","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/bre.12545","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T13:57:26Z","timestamp":1693317446000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/bre.12545"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/bre.12545"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bre.12545","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-091X","1365-2117"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-091X","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2117","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-12-31","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-01-05","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-03-08","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}