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Our understanding of the influence of habitat loss and fragmentation on the prevalence of wildlife diseases is still in its infancy. What is evident is that changes in disease prevalence as a result of human\u2010induced landscape modification are highly variable. The importance of infectious diseases for the conservation of wildlife will increase as the amount and quality of suitable habitat decreases due to human land\u2010use pressures. We review the experimental and observational literature of the influence of human\u2010induced landscape change on wildlife disease prevalence, and discuss disease transmission types and host responses as mechanisms that are likely to determine the extent of change in disease prevalence. It is likely that transmission dynamics will be the key process in determining a pathogen's impact on a host population, while the host response may ultimately determine the extent of disease prevalence. Finally, we conceptualize mechanisms and identify future research directions to increase our understanding of the relationship between human\u2010modified landscapes and wildlife disease prevalence. This review highlights that there are rarely consistent relationships between wildlife diseases and human\u2010modified landscapes. In addition, variation is evident between transmission types and landscape types, with the greatest positive influence on disease prevalence being in urban landscapes and directly transmitted disease systems. While we have a limited understanding of the potential influence of habitat loss and fragmentation on wildlife disease, there are a number of important areas to address in future research, particularly to account for the variability in increased and decreased disease prevalence. Previous studies have been based on a one\u2010dimensional comparison between unmodified and modified sites. What is lacking are spatially and temporally explicit quantitative approaches which are required to enable an understanding of the range of key causal mechanisms and the reasons for variability. This is particularly important for replicated studies across different host\u2010pathogen systems. Furthermore, there are few studies that have attempted to separate the independent effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on wildlife disease, which are the major determinants of wildlife population dynamics in human\u2010modified landscapes. There is an urgent need to understand better the potential causal links between the processes of human\u2010induced landscape change and the associated influences of habitat fragmentation, matrix hostility and loss of connectivity on an animal's physiological stress, immune response and disease susceptibility. This review identified no study that had assessed the influence of human\u2010induced landscape change on the prevalence of a wildlife sexually transmitted disease. A better understanding of the various mechanisms linking human\u2010induced landscape change and the prevalence of wildlife disease will lead to more successful conservation management outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,22]],"date-time":"2012-12-22T13:21:00Z","timestamp":1356182460000},"page":"427-442","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":262,"title":["Wildlife disease prevalence in human\u2010modified landscapes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Grant","family":"Brearley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Landscape Ecology and Conservation Group, Centre for Spatial Environmental Research, School of Geography, Planning &amp; Environmental Management The University of Queensland  Brisbane 4072 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Rhodes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Landscape Ecology and Conservation Group, Centre for Spatial Environmental Research, School of Geography, Planning &amp; Environmental Management The University of Queensland  Brisbane 4072 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Bradley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences The University of Queensland  Brisbane 4072 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greg","family":"Baxter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Landscape Ecology and Conservation Group, Centre for Spatial Environmental Research, School of Geography, Planning &amp; Environmental Management The University of Queensland  Brisbane 4072 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonie","family":"Seabrook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Landscape Ecology and Conservation Group, Centre for Spatial Environmental Research, School of Geography, Planning &amp; Environmental Management The University of Queensland  Brisbane 4072 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Lunney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Environment and Heritage NSW  PO Box\u00a01967 Hurstville New South Wales 2220 Australia"},{"name":"School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology Murdoch University Murdoch  Western Australia 6150 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Landscape Ecology and Conservation Group, Centre for Spatial Environmental Research, School of Geography, Planning &amp; Environmental Management The University of Queensland  Brisbane 4072 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clive","family":"McAlpine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Landscape Ecology and Conservation Group, Centre for Spatial Environmental Research, School of Geography, Planning &amp; Environmental Management The University of Queensland  Brisbane 4072 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1795.2010.00400.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.2003.01260.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.34.030102.151725"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/285761"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.81.59","article-title":"Hantavirus infection and habitat associations among rodent populations in agroecosystems of Panama: implications for human disease risk","volume":"81","author":"Armien A. 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