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Three criteria are used to assess each candidate: (\n                    <jats:italic>i<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) the diagnostic criteria needed to categorize sponges in the fossil record; (\n                    <jats:italic>ii<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) the presence, or absence, of such diagnostic features in the putative poriferan fossils; and (\n                    <jats:italic>iii<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) the age constraints for the candidate fossils. All three criteria are critical to the correct interpretation of any fossil and its placement within an evolutionary context. Our analysis shows that no\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    recambrian fossil candidate yet satisfies all three of these criteria to be a reliable sponge fossil. The oldest widely accepted candidate,\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ongolian silica hexacts from\n                    <jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic>\n                    . 545 million years ago (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    a), are here shown to be cruciform arsenopyrite crystals. The oldest reliable sponge remains are siliceous spicules from the basal\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ambrian (\n                    <jats:italic>Protohertzina anabarica<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Z<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    one)\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    oltanieh\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">F<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ormation,\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ran, which are described and analysed here in detail for the first time. Extensive archaeocyathan sponge reefs emerge and radiate as late as the middle of the\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">F<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ortunian\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    tage of the\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ambrian and demonstrate a gradual assembly of their skeletal structure through this time coincident with the evolution of other metazoan groups. Since the\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    orifera are basal in the\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    etazoa, their presence within the late\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    roterozoic has been widely anticipated. Molecular clock calibration for the earliest\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    orifera and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    etazoa should now be based on the\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ranian hexactinellid material dated to\n                    <jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic>\n                    . 535 Ma. The earliest convincing fossil sponge remains appeared at around the time of the\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    recambrian\u2010\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ambrian boundary, associated with the great radiation events of that interval.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,29]],"date-time":"2014-04-29T10:03:25Z","timestamp":1398765805000},"page":"972-1004","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":183,"title":["Giving the early fossil record of sponges a squeeze"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Jonathan B.","family":"Antcliffe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PS U.K."},{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences University of Bristol Wills Memorial Building, Queen's Road Bristol BS81RJ U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard H. 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