{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:46:05Z","timestamp":1787013965065,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,23]],"date-time":"2016-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1479859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010344","name":"Scan|Design Foundation by Inger and Jens Bruun","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010344","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biological Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The evolution of the mammalian jaw during the transition from non\u2010mammalian synapsids to crown mammals is a key event in vertebrate history and characterised by the gradual reduction of its individual bones into a single element and the concomitant transformation of the jaw joint and its incorporation into the middle ear complex. This osteological transformation is accompanied by a rearrangement and modification of the jaw adductor musculature, which is thought to have allowed the evolution of a more\u2010efficient masticatory system in comparison to the plesiomorphic synapsid condition. While osteological characters relating to this transition are well documented in the fossil record, the exact arrangement and modifications of the individual adductor muscles during the cynodont\u2013mammaliaform transition have been debated for nearly a century.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    We review the existing knowledge about the musculoskeletal evolution of the mammalian jaw adductor complex and evaluate previous hypotheses in the light of recently documented fossils that represent new specimens of existing species, which are of central importance to the mammalian origins debate. By employing computed tomography (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) and digital reconstruction techniques to create three\u2010dimensional models of the jaw adductor musculature in a number of representative non\u2010mammalian cynodonts and mammaliaforms, we provide an updated perspective on mammalian jaw muscle evolution.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    As an emerging consensus, current evidence suggests that the mammal\u2010like division of the jaw adductor musculature (into deep and superficial components of the m. masseter, the m. temporalis and the m. pterygoideus) was completed in\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ucynodontia. The arrangement of the jaw adductor musculature in a mammalian fashion, with the m. pterygoideus group inserting on the dentary was completed in basal\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ammaliaformes as suggested by the muscle reconstruction of\n                    <jats:italic>Morganucodon oehleri<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Consequently, transformation of the jaw adductor musculature from the ancestral (\u2018reptilian\u2019) to the mammalian condition must have preceded the emergence of Mammalia and the full formation of the mammalian jaw joint. This suggests that the modification of the jaw adductor system played a pivotal role in the functional morphology and biomechanical stability of the jaw joint.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,23]],"date-time":"2016-11-23T02:56:45Z","timestamp":1479869805000},"page":"1910-1940","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Morphological evolution of the mammalian jaw adductor complex"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Stephan","family":"Lautenschlager","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences University of Bristol  Bristol BS8 1TQ U.K."},{"name":"School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham  Birmingham B15 2TT U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences University of Bristol  Bristol BS8 1TQ U.K."},{"name":"Earth Science Department The Natural History Museum  London SW7 5BD U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhe\u2010Xi","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy University of Chicago  Chicago IL 60637 U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Fagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering University of Hull  Hull HU6 7RX U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2618-750X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily J.","family":"Rayfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences University of Bristol  Bristol BS8 1TQ U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"23","article-title":"Early development of the mammalian superficial masseter muscle in cynodonts","volume":"40","author":"Abdala F.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Palaeontologica Africana"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-4983.00280"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1918.tb55350.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051470404"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-2784-7_37"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2012.01526.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The lower jaw of cynodonts (Reptilia, Therapsida) and the evolutionary origin of mammal\u2010like adductor jaw musculature","volume":"116","author":"Barghusen H. 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