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This review highlights the potential of soft body morphology for inferring the evolution and phylogeny of the lophotrochozoan phylum Bryozoa. This colonial taxon comprises aquatic coelomate filter\u2010feeders that dominate many benthic communities, both marine and freshwater. Despite having a similar bauplan, bryozoans are morphologically highly diverse and are represented by three major taxa: Phylactolaemata, Stenolaemata and Gymnolaemata. Recent molecular studies resulted in a comprehensive phylogenetic tree with the Phylactolaemata sister to the remaining two taxa, and Stenolaemata (Cyclostomata) sister to Gymnolaemata. We plotted data of soft tissue morphology onto this phylogeny in order to gain further insights into the origin of morphological novelties and character evolution in the phylum. All three larger clades have morphological apomorphies assignable to the latest molecular phylogeny. Stenolaemata (Cyclostomata) and Gymnolaemata were united as monophyletic Myolaemata because of the apomorphic myoepithelial and triradiate pharynx. One of the main evolutionary changes in bryozoans is a change from a body wall with two well\u2010developed muscular layers and numerous retractor muscles in Phylactolaemata to a body wall with few specialized muscles and few retractors in the remaining bryozoans. Such a shift probably pre\u2010dated a body wall calcification that evolved independently at least twice in Bryozoa and resulted in the evolution of various hydrostatic mechanisms for polypide protrusion. In Cyclostomata, body wall calcification was accompanied by a unique detachment of the peritoneum from the epidermis to form the hydrostatic membraneous sac. The digestive tract of the Myolaemata differs from the phylactolaemate condition by a distinct ciliated pylorus not present in phylactolaemates. All bryozoans have a mesodermal funiculus, which is duplicated in Gymnolaemata. A colonial system of integration (CSI) of additional, sometimes branching, funicular cords connecting neighbouring zooids\n                    <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>\n                    pores with pore\u2010cell complexes evolved at least twice in Gymnolaemata. The nervous system in all bryozoans is subepithelial and concentrated at the lophophoral base and the tentacles. Tentacular nerves emerge intertentacularly in Phylactolaemata whereas they partially emanate directly from the cerebral ganglion or the circum\u2010oral nerve ring in myolaemates. Overall, morphological evidence shows that ancestral forms were small, colonial coelomates with a muscular body wall and a U\u2010shaped gut with ciliary tentacle crown, and were capable of asexual budding. Coloniality resulted in many novelties including the origin of zooidal polymorphism, an apomorphic landmark trait of the Myolaemata.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,7]],"date-time":"2020-02-07T16:50:31Z","timestamp":1581094231000},"page":"696-729","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Key novelties in the evolution of the aquatic colonial phylum Bryozoa: evidence from soft body morphology"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"95","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0526-6791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas F.","family":"Schwaha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolutionary Biology, Integrative Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences University of Vienna  Vienna 1090 Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew N.","family":"Ostrovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Palaeontology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geography and Astronomy University of Vienna  Vienna 1090 Austria"},{"name":"Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology Saint Petersburg State University  Saint Petersburg 199034 Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3266-5838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Wanninger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolutionary Biology, Integrative Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences University of Vienna  Vienna 1090 Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","volume-title":"A Monograph of the Fresh\u2010Water Polyzoa","author":"Allman G. 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