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A significant body of literature shows that in terrestrial and marine ecosystems large predators can play important roles in ecosystem structure and functioning. By contrast, the ecological roles and importance of large predators within freshwater ecosystems are poorly understood, constraining the design and implementation of optimal conservation strategies for freshwater ecosystems. Conservationists and environmentalists frequently promulgate ecological roles that crocodylians are assumed to fulfil, but often with limited evidence supporting those claims.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Here, we review the available information on the ecological importance of crocodylians, a widely distributed group of predominantly freshwater\u2010dwelling, large\u2010bodied predators. We synthesise information regarding the role of crocodylians under five criteria within the context of modern ecological concepts: as indicators of ecological health, as ecosystem engineers, apex predators, keystone species, and as contributors to nutrient and energy translocation across ecosystems. Some crocodylians play a role as indicators of ecosystem health, but this is largely untested across the order Crocodylia. By contrast, the role of crocodylian activities in ecosystem engineering is largely anecdotal, and information supporting their assumed role as apex predators is currently limited to only a few species. Whether crocodylians contribute significantly to nutrient and energy translocation through cross\u2010ecosystem movements is unknown.<\/jats:p><jats:p>We conclude that most claims regarding the importance of crocodylians as apex predators, keystone species, ecosystem engineers, and as contributors to nutrient and energy translocation across ecosystems are mostly unsubstantiated speculation, drawn from anecdotal observations made during research carried out primarily for other purposes. There is a paucity of biological research targeted directly at: understanding population dynamics; trophic interactions within their ecological communities; and quantifying the short\u2010 and long\u2010term ecological impacts of crocodylian population declines, extirpations, and recoveries. Conservation practices ideally need evidence\u2010based planning, decision making and justification. Addressing the knowledge gaps identified here will be important for achieving effective conservation of crocodylians.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]],"date-time":"2020-03-10T13:58:19Z","timestamp":1583848699000},"page":"936-959","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":115,"title":["The ecological importance of crocodylians: towards evidence\u2010based justification for their conservation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"95","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7470-8736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruchira","family":"Somaweera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CSIRO Health and Biosecurity Floreat WA 6014 Australia"},{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia Crawley WA 6009 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Nifong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IFAS\u2010Fort Lauderdale Research &amp; Education Center, University of Florida Fort Lauderdale FL 33314 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Rosenblatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Florida 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville FL 32224 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathew L.","family":"Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Parks and Wildlife Department of Environment and Science Cairns QLD 4870 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xander","family":"Combrink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nature Conservation Tshwane University of Technology Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth M.","family":"Elsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge Grand Chenier LA 70643 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gordon","family":"Grigg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland St Lucia QLD 4072 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William E.","family":"Magnusson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o da Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional da Pesquisas da Amaz\u00f4nia Manaus 69067 Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank J.","family":"Mazzotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Everglades Research and Education Center, University of Florida Gainesville FL 32603 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Pearcy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of BioScience Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven G.","family":"Platt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Conservation Society \u2010 Myanmar Program Yangon Myanmar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew H.","family":"Shirley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Conservation Institute Florida International University Miami FL 33181 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marisa","family":"Tellez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Crocodile Research Coalition Maya Beach Belize"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"van der Ploeg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grahame","family":"Webb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Management International Karama NT 0812 Australia"},{"name":"Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University Casuarina NT 0810 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rom","family":"Whitaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Madras Crocodile Bank Trust &amp; 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