{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T20:21:28Z","timestamp":1791490888281,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]],"date-time":"2020-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biological Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Metabolic theory aims to tackle ecological and evolutionary problems by explicitly including physical principles of energy and mass exchange, thereby increasing generality and deductive power. Individual growth models (IGMs) are the fundamental basis of metabolic theory because they represent the organisational level at which energy and mass exchange processes are most tightly integrated and from which scaling patterns emerge. Unfortunately, IGMs remain a topic of great confusion and controversy about the origins of the ideas, their domain and breadth of application, their logical consistency and whether they can sufficiently capture reality. It is now 100\u2009years since the first theoretical model of individual growth was put forward by P\u00fctter. His insights were deep, but his model ended up being attributed to von Bertalanffy and his ideas largely forgotten. Here I review P\u00fctter's ideas and trace their influence on existing theoretical models for growth and other aspects of metabolism, including those of von Bertalanffy, the Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory, the Gill\u2010Oxygen Limitation Theory (GOLT) and the Ontogenetic Growth Model (OGM). I show that the von Bertalanffy and GOLT models are minor modifications of P\u00fctter's original model. I then synthesise, compare and critique the ideas of the two most\u2010developed theories, DEB theory and the OGM, in relation to P\u00fctter's original ideas. I formulate the P\u00fctter, DEB and OGM models in the same structure and with the same notation to illustrate the major similarities and differences among them. I trace the confusion and controversy regarding these theories to the notions of anabolism, catabolism, assimilation and maintenance, the connections to respiration rate, and the number of parameters and state variables their models require. The OGM model has significant inconsistencies that stem from the interpretation of growth as the difference between anabolism and maintenance, and these issues seriously challenge its ability to incorporate development, reproduction and assimilation. The DEB theory is a direct extension of P\u00fctter's ideas but with growth being the difference between assimilation and maintenance rather than anabolism and catabolism. The DEB theory makes the dynamics of P\u00fctter's \u2018nutritive material\u2019 explicit as well as extending the scheme to include reproduction and development. I discuss how these three major theories for individual growth have been used to explain \u2018macrometabolic\u2019 patterns including the scaling of respiration, the temperature\u2013size rule (first modelled by P\u00fctter), and the connection to life history. Future research on the connections between theory and data in these macrometabolic topics have the greatest potential to advance the status of metabolic theory and its value for pure and applied problems in ecology and evolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12668","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]],"date-time":"2020-11-18T08:06:01Z","timestamp":1605686761000},"page":"557-575","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["What is the status of metabolic theory one century after<scp>P<\/scp>\u00fctter invented the von<scp>B<\/scp>ertalanffy growth curve?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"96","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3349-8744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael R.","family":"Kearney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BioSciences4, School of BioSciences The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC 3010 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1007853"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2009.01302.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/44.6.498"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60212-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1009974107"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00650112"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","first-page":"181","article-title":"A quantitative theory of organic growth (inquiries on growth laws II)","volume":"10","author":"Bertalanffy L.","year":"1938","journal-title":"Human Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.111.2872.23"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/401873"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","first-page":"137","volume-title":"Fundamental aspects of normal and malignant growth","author":"Bertalanffy L.","year":"1960"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","volume-title":"On the Dynamics of Exploited Fish Populations","author":"Beverton R. 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