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Saving resources and reducing medical risks, particularly in mental heath, are key technology gaps hampering human expedition into deep space. In the 1960s, several scientists proposed that an induced state of suppressed metabolism in humans, which mimics \u2018hibernation\u2019, could be an ideal solution to cope with many issues during spaceflight. In recent years, with the introduction of specific methods, it is becoming more feasible to induce an artificial hibernation\u2010like state (synthetic torpor) in non\u2010hibernating species. Natural torpor is a fascinating, yet enigmatic, physiological process in which metabolic rate (MR), body core temperature (<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>b<\/jats:sub>) and behavioural activity are reduced to save energy during harsh seasonal conditions. It employs a complex central neural network to orchestrate a homeostatic state of hypometabolism, hypothermia and hypoactivity in response to environmental challenges. The anatomical and functional connections within the central nervous system (CNS) lie at the heart of controlling synthetic torpor. Although progress has been made, the precise mechanisms underlying the active regulation of the torpor\u2013arousal transition, and their profound influence on neural function and behaviour, which are critical concerns for safe and reversible human torpor, remain poorly understood. In this review, we place particular emphasis on elaborating the central nervous mechanism orchestrating the torpor\u2013arousal transition in both non\u2010flying hibernating mammals and non\u2010hibernating species, and aim to provide translational insights into long\u2010duration manned spaceflight. In addition, identifying difficulties and challenges ahead will underscore important concerns in engineering synthetic torpor in humans. We believe that synthetic torpor may not be the only option for manned long\u2010duration spaceflight, but it is the most achievable solution in the foreseeable future. Translating the available knowledge from natural torpor research will not only benefit manned spaceflight, but also many clinical settings attempting to manipulate energy metabolism and neurobehavioural functions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]],"date-time":"2020-12-14T15:11:10Z","timestamp":1607958670000},"page":"642-672","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Human torpor: translating insights from nature into manned deep space expedition"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"96","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3824-6279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhe","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and Department of Psychaitry The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University  Changsha Hunan 410011 China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for 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