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A primary challenge to understanding schistosomiasis is deciphering the most remarkable pathological feature of this disease, the granuloma \u2013 a highly dynamic and self\u2010organized structure formed by both host and parasite components. Granulomas are considered a remarkable example of how parasites evolved with their hosts to establish complex and intimate associations. However, much remains unclear regarding life within the granuloma, and strategies to restrain its development are still lacking. Here we explore current information on the hepatic <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic> granuloma in the light of Ecology and propose that this intricate structure acts as a real ecosystem. The schistosomal granuloma is formed by cells (biotic component), protein scaffolds, fibres, and chemical compounds (abiotic components) with inputs\/outputs of energy and matter, as complex as in classical ecosystems. We review the distinct cell populations (\u2018species\u2019) within the granuloma and examine how they integrate with each other and interact with their microenvironment to form a multifaceted cell community in different space\u2013time frames. The colonization of the hepatic tissue to form granulomas is explained from the point of view of an ecological succession whereby a community is able to modify its physical environment, creating conditions and resources for ecosystem construction. Remarkably, the granuloma represents a dynamic evolutionary system that undergoes progressive changes in the \u2018species\u2019 that compose its community over time. In line with ecological concepts, we examine the granuloma not only as a place where a community of cells is settled (spatial niche or habitat) but also as a site in which the functional activities of these combined populations occur in an orchestrated way in response to microenvironmental gradients such as cytokines and egg antigens. Finally, we assert how the levels of organization of cellular components in a granuloma as conventionally defined by Cell Biology can fit perfectly into a hierarchical structure of biological systems as defined by Ecology. By rethinking the granuloma as an integrating and evolving ecosystem, we draw attention to the inner workings of this structure that are central to the understanding of schistosomiasis and could guide its future treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]],"date-time":"2021-03-23T02:34:31Z","timestamp":1616466871000},"page":"1404-1420","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Changing our view of the <i>Schistosoma<\/i> granuloma to an ecological standpoint"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"96","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2203-2719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K\u00e1ssia K.","family":"Malta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology Federal University of Juiz de Fora  Rua Jos\u00e9 Louren\u00e7o Kelmer, S\u00e3o Pedro Juiz de Fora MG 36036\u2010900 Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Biodiversity Federal University of Juiz de Fora  Rua Jos\u00e9 Louren\u00e7o Kelmer, S\u00e3o Pedro Juiz de Fora MG 36036\u2010900 Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7122-3015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thiago P.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology Federal University of Juiz de Fora  Rua Jos\u00e9 Louren\u00e7o Kelmer, S\u00e3o Pedro Juiz de Fora MG 36036\u2010900 Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Biodiversity Federal University of Juiz de Fora  Rua Jos\u00e9 Louren\u00e7o Kelmer, S\u00e3o Pedro Juiz de Fora MG 36036\u2010900 Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0983-0572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cinthia","family":"Palazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology Federal University of Juiz de Fora  Rua Jos\u00e9 Louren\u00e7o Kelmer, S\u00e3o Pedro Juiz de Fora MG 36036\u2010900 Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Cell Biology Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte  Av. Ant\u00f4nio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha Belo Horizonte MG 31270\u2010901 Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5163-5714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitor H.","family":"Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology Federal University of Juiz de Fora  Rua Jos\u00e9 Louren\u00e7o Kelmer, S\u00e3o Pedro Juiz de Fora MG 36036\u2010900 Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Cell Biology Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte  Av. Ant\u00f4nio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha Belo Horizonte MG 31270\u2010901 Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2121-3107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00edvia A. 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