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They are well known for their complex venom systems that are used to overpower their prey. Spider venoms contain many proteins and peptides with highly specific and potent activities suitable for biomedical or agrochemical applications, but the key role of venoms as an evolutionary innovation is often overlooked, even though this has enabled spiders to emerge as one of the most successful animal lineages. In this review, we discuss these neglected biological aspects of spider venoms. We focus on the morphology of spider venom systems, their major components, biochemical and chemical plasticity, as well as ecological and evolutionary trends. We argue that the effectiveness of spider venoms is due to their unprecedented complexity, with diverse components working synergistically to increase the overall potency. The analysis of spider venoms is difficult to standardize because they are dynamic systems, fine\u2010tuned and modified by factors such as sex, life\u2010history stage and biological role. Finally, we summarize the mechanisms that drive spider venom evolution and highlight the need for genome\u2010based studies to reconstruct the evolutionary history and physiological networks of spider venom compounds with more certainty.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12793","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]],"date-time":"2021-08-28T08:33:33Z","timestamp":1630139613000},"page":"163-178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":115,"title":["The biology and evolution of spider venoms"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"97","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7234-8685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim","family":"L\u00fcddecke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Bioresources Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology  Ohlebergsweg 12 Gie\u00dfen 35392 Germany"},{"name":"LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (TBG)  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