{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T17:38:19Z","timestamp":1792517899938,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":250,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]],"date-time":"2021-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biological Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Skin is a key organ maintaining internal homeostasis by performing many functions such as water loss prevention, body temperature regulation and protection from noxious substance absorption, microorganism intrusion and physical trauma. Skin ageing has been well studied and it is well known that physiological changes in the elderly result in higher skin fragility favouring the onset of skin diseases. For example, prolonged and\/or high\u2010intensity pressure may suppress local blood flow more easily, disturbing cell metabolism and inducing pressure injury (PI) formation. Pressure injuries (PIs) represent a significant problem worldwide and their prevalence remains too high. A higher PI prevalence is correlated with an elderly population. Newborn skin evolution has been less studied, but some data also report a higher PI prevalence in this population compared to older children, and several authors also consider this skin as physiologically fragile. In this review, we compare the characteristics of newborn and elderly skin in order to determine common features that may explain their fragility, especially regarding PI risk. We show that, despite differences in appearance, they share many common features leading to higher fragility to shear and pressure forces, not only at the structural level but also at the cellular and molecular level and in terms of physiology. Both newborn and elderly skin have: (<jats:italic>i<\/jats:italic>) a thinner epidermis; (<jats:italic>ii<\/jats:italic>) a thinner dermis containing a less\u2010resistant collagen network, a higher collagen III:collagen I ratio and less elastin; (<jats:italic>iii<\/jats:italic>) a flatter dermal\u2013epidermal junction (DEJ) with lower anchoring systems; and (<jats:italic>iv<\/jats:italic>) a thinner hypodermis, resulting in lower mechanical resistance to skin damage when pressure or shear forces are applied. At the molecular level, reduced expression of transforming growth factor \u03b2 (TGF\u03b2) and its receptor TGF\u03b2 receptor II (T\u03b2RII) is involved in the decreased production and\/or increased degradation of various dermal extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Epidermal fragility also involves a higher skin pH which decreases the activity of key enzymes inducing ceramide deficiency and reduced barrier protection. This seems to be correlated with higher PI prevalence in some situations. Some data also suggest that stratum corneum (SC) dryness, which may disturb cell metabolism, also increases the risk of PI formation. Besides this structural fragility, several skin functions are also less efficient. Low applied pressures induce skin vessel vasodilation <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> a mechanism called pressure\u2010induced vasodilation (PIV). Individuals lacking a normal PIV response show an early decrease in cutaneous blood flow in response to the application of very low pressures, reflecting vascular fragility of the skin that increases the risk of ulceration. Due to changes in endothelial function, skin PIV ability decreases during skin ageing, putting it at higher risk of PI formation. In newborns, some data lead us to hypothesize that the nitric oxide (NO) pathway is not fully functional at birth, which may partly explain the higher risk of PI formation in newborns. In the elderly, a lower PIV ability results from impaired functionality of skin innervation, in particular that of C\u2010fibres which are involved in both touch and pain sensation and the PIV mechanism. In newborns, skin sensitivity differs from adults due to nerve system immaturity, but the role of this in PIV remains to be determined.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12827","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]],"date-time":"2021-12-16T08:12:25Z","timestamp":1639642345000},"page":"874-895","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Newborn and elderly skin: two fragile skins at higher risk of pressure injury"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"97","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4458-7344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne\u2010France","family":"de Bengy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AF BioCell  59 Avenue du Point du Jour Lyon 69005 France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9r\u00f4me","family":"Lamartine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LBTI UMR5305  7 Passage du Vercors Lyon Cedex 7 F\u2010 69367 France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Sigaudo\u2010Roussel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LBTI UMR5305  7 Passage du Vercors Lyon Cedex 7 F\u2010 69367 France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u00e9reng\u00e8re","family":"Fromy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LBTI UMR5305  7 Passage du Vercors Lyon Cedex 7 F\u2010 69367 France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","first-page":"L280","article-title":"Maturational changes in endothelium\u2010derived relaxing factor activity of ovine pulmonary arteries in vitro","volume":"260","author":"Abman S. H.","year":"1991","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1980.tb01686.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.13048"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.17025"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.12454"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/50A.2.M121"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-1531"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13085"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1759(99)00019-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00129334-200111000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"Postnatal changes and sexual dimorphism in collagen expression in mouse skin","volume":"11","author":"Arai K. Y.","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnn.2013.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/wvn.12264"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13119"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm.2011.122"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0b013e32835334a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-7643-7311-3_8"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.2011.01594.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13636"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1549-8719.2010.00035.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2007.01868.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700994"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-012-9429-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2048-7940.1987.tb00541.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12507866"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12139"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2016.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/siny.2000.0013"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2001.01258.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2006.00442.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP272176"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2009.127"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_34_1","first-page":"2524","article-title":"The content and ratio of type I and III collagen in skin differ with age and injury","volume":"10","author":"Cheng W.","year":"2011","journal-title":"African Journal of Biotechnology"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2873"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14568"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.138.11.1437"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_5_38_1","first-page":"H2087","article-title":"Effects of endothelium\u2010derived nitric oxide on skin and digital blood flow in humans","volume":"267","author":"Coffman J. D.","year":"1994","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.12405"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/62.11.1310"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-009-0989-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4037\/ajcc2011934"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.1997.6.5.237"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.12719"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.20.9363"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.100928"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WON.0000000000000281"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12687968"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000321082"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.72.1.163"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0923-1811(91)90026-T"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)42661-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_53_1","unstructured":"European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (EPUAP) National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel (NPIAP) andPan Pacific Pressure Injury Alliance (PPPIA)(2019)Prevention and Treatment of Pressure Ulcers\/Injuries: Clinical Practice Guideline E. Haesler Editor.European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel Pan Pacific Pressure Injury Alliance."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000242513"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(83)70074-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2011.0356"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2018.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2014.110"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.07.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2009.179416"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12410"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2015.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00327.2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00099.2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2009.01023.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0022-202x.2001.01399.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1969.sp008846"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00862"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_5_69_1","first-page":"272","article-title":"The timing of skin acidification in very low birth weight infants","volume":"18","author":"Fox C.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Perinatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/0730-0832.30.5.291"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(98)00973-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2844"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2009.279"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-481X.2010.00688.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12983"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.143750"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2020.29.Sup2a.S1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33235\/wpr.28.2.58-65"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_5_79_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"The future of pressure ulcer prevention is here: detecting and targeting inflammation early","volume":"19","author":"Gefen A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"EWMA Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/01.PDR.0000141982.38959.10"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/excr.1993.1148"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2009.297"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-9726.2008.00372.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1470.2001.018002093.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0708473"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006416-200019050-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.332.7539.472"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orcp.2019.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-202X.2005.23838.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2009.249"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(83)80669-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(82)80768-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.13298"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700275"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2000.03249.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1470.2002.00082.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_97_1","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Neonatal Skin: Structure and Function","author":"Holbrook K. A.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_98_1","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Textbook of Pediatric Dermatology","author":"Holbrook K.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2004.080952"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.2003.01179.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2009.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2019.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000209939.05482.61"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8069-10-34"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2009.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2020.07.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2020.104073"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c130015"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2005.06716.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a022194"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0846.2002.00348.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1004514"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1000981"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(95)91812-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1320301110"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.14891"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12532758"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00331365"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1118960109"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtv.2019.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1041230102"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_5_122_1","first-page":"42","article-title":"Newborn skin: common skin problems","volume":"12","author":"Kutlubay Z.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Maedica (Bucur)"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06234-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_124_1","first-page":"123","volume-title":"Photodamage","author":"Lavker R. M.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.1987.9"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0690(18)30695-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2298\/MPNS1206191L"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04662"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_5_129_1","first-page":"941","article-title":"Regulation of cutaneous C\u2010fiber heat nociceptors by nerve growth factor in the developing rat","volume":"71","author":"Lewin G. R.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9020306"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00389.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_132_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2018.02.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_133_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1987.tb04921.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-014-1458-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_135_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000351349"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_136_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12024"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_137_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0884217504265174"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_138_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/0730-0832.18.4.15"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_139_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ANC.0000000000000383"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_140_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2016.05.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_141_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav5728"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_142_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000231524"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_143_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2009.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_144_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38990"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_145_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200004000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_146_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.16691"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_147_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10739680802091526"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_148_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2018.12.069"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_149_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4652(199705)171:2<179::AID-JCP8>3.0.CO;2-L"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_150_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.109.5.1017"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_151_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.12796"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_152_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.12029"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_153_1","first-page":"22","article-title":"Changes in the high frequency skin ultrasound associated with ageing","volume":"47","author":"Mlosek R. K.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ultra\u2010Sonography"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_154_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3396"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_5_155_1","first-page":"75","article-title":"Mathematical morphologic analysis of ageing\u2010related epidermal changes","volume":"15","author":"Moragas A.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Analatycal and Quantitative Cytology and Histology"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_156_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00004.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_157_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0846.2009.00410.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_158_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-001-0630-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_159_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2009.07.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_160_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijn.12141"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_5_161_1","first-page":"99","article-title":"Risk factors associated with pressure ulcers in the pediatric patient following open\u2010heart surgery","volume":"4","author":"Neidig J. R.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Progress in Cardiovascular Nursing"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_162_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.12312"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_163_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5701239"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_164_1","volume-title":"Prevention and Treatment of Pressure Ulcers: Quick Reference Guide","author":"NPUAP","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_165_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318298a849"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_166_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-014-1202-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_167_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092735"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_168_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002215549704500509"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_169_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2016.02.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_170_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000340984.74563.1c"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_171_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WON.0000000000000005"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_172_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0029(19970815)38:4<428::AID-JEMT10>3.0.CO;2-L"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_173_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10029-013-1128-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_174_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1970.tb07993.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_175_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0929-8266(99)00070-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_176_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/derm.1.2.8472"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_177_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-6374(90)90001-V"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_178_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aai8792"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_179_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12532792"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_180_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0625.2002.110501.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_181_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000489513"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_182_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2008.00786.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_183_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15557\/JoU.2020.0043"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_184_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000371708"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_185_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2017.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_186_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-47398-6_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_187_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1945-1474.2008.tb01160.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_188_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1093526620976831"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_189_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200602000-00021"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_190_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/350500a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_191_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(93)90251-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_192_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a015370"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_193_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e31827e52e1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_194_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.7.13.8405806"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_195_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03324460"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_196_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/cam.23132"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_197_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.138.3.719"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_198_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.114.3.567"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_199_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12660"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_200_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.103.6.2499"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_201_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.1991.tb00308.x"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_5_202_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"Pediatric pressure ulcer prevalence: a multicenter, cross\u2010sectional, point prevalence study in Switzerland","volume":"58","author":"Schl\u00fcer A. B.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ostomy Wound Manage"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_203_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jspn.12055"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_204_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.087593"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_205_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000337029"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_206_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2010.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_207_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000342344"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_208_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115204"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_209_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20092126"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_210_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2018.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_211_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1975.tb05113.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_212_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bst0030147"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_213_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001750409"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_214_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.91289.2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_215_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2005.06949.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_216_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.2009.00973.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_217_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.25.14899"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_218_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-007-0799-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_219_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1982.tb14702.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_220_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjhyper.2004.03.678"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_221_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2021.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_222_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12406"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_223_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vibspec.2020.103196"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_224_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/198789"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_225_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2010.055434"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_226_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e32834d75c6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_227_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103843"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_228_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201703630"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_229_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.07.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_230_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64040-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_231_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1473-2165.2007.00300.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_232_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M802415200"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_233_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_234_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000328744"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_235_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1470.2000.01711.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_236_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7211305"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_237_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.2011.01309.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_238_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092380202"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_239_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196542"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_240_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db19-832-P"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_241_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0909-725X.2005.00151.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_242_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.8.2.7509761"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_243_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S151599"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_244_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_245_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2018.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_246_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004030050453"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_247_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.106.1.105"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_248_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199108000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_249_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_250_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1260972"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_251_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2017.3128"}],"container-title":["Biological Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/brv.12827","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/brv.12827","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/brv.12827","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T15:25:14Z","timestamp":1692631514000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/brv.12827"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]]},"references-count":250,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/brv.12827"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/brv.12827","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1464-7931","1469-185X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1464-7931","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-185X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-05-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-12-06","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-12-15","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}