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Drawing on theory developed in savanna ecosystems, we propose a conceptual framework showing that the possession of contrasting trait syndromes is essential for the persistence of broadleaved trees in an open ecosystem that burns. Consistent with this hypothesis, trees of modern Eurasian broadleaved forest bear a suite of traits that are adaptive to surface and crown\u2010fire regimes. We contend that limited opportunities in grassland restricts recruitment to disturbance\u2010free refugia, and <jats:italic>en masse<\/jats:italic> establishment creates a wooded environment where shade limits the growth of light\u2010demanding savanna plants. Rapid height growth, which involves investment in structural support and the switch from a multi\u2010stemmed to a monopodial growth form, is adaptive in this shaded environment. Although clustering reduces surface fuel loads, these establishment nuclei are vulnerable to high\u2010intensity crown fires. The lethal effects of canopy fire are avoided by seasonal leaf shedding, and aerial resprouting enhances rapid post\u2010fire recovery of photosynthetic capacity. While these woody formations satisfy the structural definition of forest, their constituents are clearly derived from savanna. Contrasting trait syndromes thus represent the shift from consumer to resource regulation in savanna ecosystems. Consistent with global trends, the diversification of most contemporary broadleaved taxa coincided with the spread of grasslands, a surge in fire activity and a decline in wooded ecosystems in the late Miocene\u2013Pliocene. Recognition that Eurasian broadleaved forest has savanna origins and persists as an alternative state with adjacent grassy ecosystems has far\u2010reaching management implications in accordance with functional rather than structural criteria. Shade is a severe constraint to the regeneration and growth of both woody and herbaceous growth forms in consumer\u2010regulated ecosystems. However, these ecosystems are highly resilient to disturbance, an essential process that maintains diversity especially among the species\u2010rich herbaceous component that is vulnerable to shading when consumer behaviour is altered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12923","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]],"date-time":"2022-11-29T08:55:15Z","timestamp":1669712115000},"page":"643-661","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Solutions to fire and shade: resprouting, growing tall and the origin of Eurasian temperate broadleaved forest"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7355-179X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hylton","family":"Adie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu\u2010Natal  P\/Bag X01 Scottsville 3209 South 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