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One widely retrieved pattern accompanying mammalian cranial diversification is referred to as \u2018craniofacial evolutionary allometry\u2019 (CREA). This posits that adults of larger species, in a group of closely related mammals, tend to have relatively longer faces and smaller braincases. However, no process has been officially suggested to explain this pattern, there are many apparent exceptions, and its predictions potentially conflict with well\u2010established biomechanical principles. Understanding the mechanisms behind CREA and causes for deviations from the pattern therefore has tremendous potential to explain allometry and diversification of the mammalian cranium. Here, we propose an amended framework to characterise the CREA pattern more clearly, in that \u2018longer faces\u2019 can arise through several kinds of evolutionary change, including elongation of the rostrum, retraction of the jaw muscles, or a more narrow or shallow skull, which all result in a generalised gracilisation of the facial skeleton with increased size. We define a standardised workflow to test for the presence of the pattern, using allometric shape predictions derived from geometric morphometrics analysis, and apply this to 22 mammalian families including marsupials, rabbits, rodents, bats, carnivores, antelopes, and whales. Our results show that increasing facial gracility with size is common, but not necessarily as ubiquitous as previously suggested. To address the mechanistic basis for this variation, we then review cranial adaptations for harder biting. These dictate that a more gracile cranium in larger species must represent a structural sacrifice in the ability to produce or withstand harder bites, relative to size. This leads us to propose that facial gracilisation in larger species is often a product of bite force allometry and phylogenetic niche conservatism, where more closely related species tend to exhibit more similar feeding ecology and biting behaviours and, therefore, absolute (size\u2010independent) bite force requirements. Since larger species can produce the same absolute bite forces as smaller species with less effort, we propose that relaxed bite force demands can permit facial gracility in response to bone optimisation and alternative selection pressures. Thus, mammalian facial scaling represents an adaptive by\u2010product of the shifting importance of selective pressures occurring with increased size. A reverse pattern of facial \u2018shortening\u2019 can accordingly also be found, and is retrieved in several cases here, where larger species incorporate novel feeding behaviours involving greater bite forces. We discuss multiple exceptions to a bite force\u2010mediated influence on facial proportions across mammals which lead us to argue that ecomorphological specialisation of the cranium is likely to be the primary driver of facial scaling patterns, with some developmental constraints as possible secondary factors. A potential for larger species to have a wider range of cranial functions when less constrained by bite force demands might also explain why selection for larger sizes seems to be prevalent in some mammalian clades. The interplay between adaptation and constraint across size ranges thus presents an interesting consideration for a mechanistically grounded investigation of mammalian cranial allometry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.13032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]],"date-time":"2023-11-29T18:56:26Z","timestamp":1701284186000},"page":"496-524","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Facing the facts: adaptive trade\u2010offs along body size ranges determine mammalian craniofacial scaling"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"99","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1495-4879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D. Rex","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science and Engineering Flinders University  GPO Box 2100 Adelaide South Australia 5001 Australia"},{"name":"Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage  Wollongong New South Wales 2522 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2164-7877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma","family":"Sherratt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences The University of Adelaide  Adelaide South Australia 5005 Australia"},{"name":"South Australian Museum  Adelaide South Australia 5000 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2370-4046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera","family":"Weisbecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science and Engineering Flinders University  GPO Box 2100 Adelaide South Australia 5001 Australia"},{"name":"Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage  Wollongong New South Wales 2522 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.12463"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","unstructured":"*Adams D. 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