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However, distinguishing climatic drivers of ancient changes in pollination could provide valuable insights into biotic responses to near\u2010future climate states. Herein, we show that pollination in a group of gymnosperm shrubs (<jats:italic>Ephedra<\/jats:italic> L., Gnetales) was irrevocably altered by the Cenozoic expansion of drylands on two different continents. In Asia, increased continentality during the mid\u2010Eocene drove aridification and strong, dust\u2010carrying storms that promoted a shift to prevailing wind pollination in the core clade of <jats:italic>Ephedra<\/jats:italic>. Surface uplift in the North American interior together with global cooling caused the expansion of aeolian deposition and placed similar evolutionary pressures on ephedras there, beginning in the latest Eocene and continuing across the Eocene\u2013Oligocene transition (EOT). These climatic changes fundamentally altered the abundance and evolution of this ancient plant lineage on both continents and determined pollination mechanisms in the core clade of <jats:italic>Ephedra<\/jats:italic> today. Based on fossil evidence, this review demonstrates how climate change may have major and permanent impacts on plant\u2013pollinator networks, as well as demonstrates possible evolutionary consequences of near\u2010future climate scenarios for which we have no modern analogue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.70019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T21:19:11Z","timestamp":1744060751000},"page":"1680-1697","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Past aridity and dust drove biodiversity crises and altered pollination in the ancient gymnosperm <scp><i>Ephedra<\/i><\/scp> (Gnetales)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"100","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7121-3634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natasha","family":"Barbolini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences and Bolin Centre for Climate Research Stockholm University  Stockholm SE\u2010106 91 Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Bergen and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research  Bergen 5020 Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niels","family":"Meijer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK\u2010F)  Senckenberganlage 25 Frankfurt am Main 60325 Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carina","family":"Hoorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecosystem and Landscape Dynamics, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam 1098 XH The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Dupont\u2010Nivet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geosciences Rennes UMR\u2010CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de Rennes  Rennes 35042 France"},{"name":"Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences  Potsdam Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences East China University of Technology  Nanchang Jiangxi 330013 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Kr\u00fcger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Palaeobiology Swedish Museum of Natural History  Box 50007 Stockholm SE\u2010104 05 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences  Xining 810008 People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Geology and Environment of Salt Lakes Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences  Xining 810008 People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Rohrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geological Sciences Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin  Berlin 12249 Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Bolinder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences and Bolin Centre for Climate Research Stockholm University  Stockholm SE\u2010106 91 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catarina","family":"Rydin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences and Bolin Centre for Climate Research Stockholm University  Stockholm SE\u2010106 91 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palaeo.2010.11.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03115519208619121"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aob.a089185"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-6667(67)90221-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","first-page":"295","volume-title":"Antactric Earth Science","author":"Askin R. 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