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However, these remarkable creatures stand as unsung heroes within our ecosystems, contributing a multitude of ecosystem services critical to human well\u2010being. Here, we describe the diverse spectrum of ecosystem services offered by spiders and their potential to inspire or directly provide nature\u2010based solutions. Provisioning services include the versatile uses of silk\u2010like and other materials, inspiration for biomimetic technology, medicines derived from venom, hemolymph and silk, bio\u2010insecticides that offer eco\u2010friendly alternatives to synthetic chemicals, food sources for various human communities worldwide, and unconventional yet increasingly valued pets. Regulating services provided by spiders extend to vital roles in pest suppression across diverse agricultural settings, mitigating diseases by curbing insect\u2010mediated pathogen dispersal, and controlling invasive species. Supporting services offered by spiders are equally extensive, involving nutrient cycling through the breakdown of organic matter, acting as food sources for predators, or creating habitats for other organisms. Beyond their tangible contributions, spiders hold a significant cultural and spiritual heritage globally and are integral to many traditional medicine practices. They inspire contemporary culture, provide educational value, contribute to mental health improvement, evoke a sense of place, offer models for scientific discovery, and are commonly employed for monitoring biodiversity and ecosystem health. To pave the way for future research, we present suggestions for exploring and quantifying the economic value of ecosystem services by spiders. While many of these services are well established and studied from various perspectives, others harbour untapped potential. Leveraging what nature inherently provides, these nature\u2010based solutions offer avenues to address challenges such as biodiversity erosion and societal needs. By restoring, preserving, or mimicking natural processes of spiders, we can enhance or provide essential ecosystem services, harnessing the full potential of spiders and the web of benefits they bring us.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.70044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T07:59:15Z","timestamp":1748937555000},"page":"2217-2236","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Ecosystem services provided by spiders"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"100","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8119-9960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CE3C \u2010 Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, LIBRe \u2010 Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research, CHANGE \u2010 Institute for Global Change and Sustainability, Faculty of Sciences University of Lisbon  Lisbon 1749\u2010016 Portugal"},{"name":"Finnish Museum of Natural History (Luomus)  Pohjoinen Rautatiekatu 13, University of Helsinki Helsinki 00014 Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0197-5040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stano","family":"Pek\u00e1r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science Masaryk University  Kotl\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 2 Brno 611 37 Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Birkhofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus\u2010Senftenberg  Cottbus 03046 Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Chuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology and Nematology University of Florida  Lake Alfred FL 33850 USA"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Science and Studies, Department of Biology Washington College  Chestertown MD 21620 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline Sayuri","family":"Fukushima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Museum of Natural History (Luomus)  Pohjoinen Rautatiekatu 13, University of Helsinki Helsinki 00014 Finland"},{"name":"Biodiversity Unit University of Turku  Turku 20014 Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eileen A.","family":"Hebets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska\u2010Lincoln  Lincoln NE 68588 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yann","family":"Henaut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Conducta Animal, GAIA\u2010BIO, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR)  Av. del Centenario Km. 5.5, C.P Chetumal Quintana Roo 77014 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Republic"},{"name":"Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland  St. Lucia QLD 4072 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radek","family":"Michalko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Ecology Mendel University in Brno  Zemedelska 3 Brno 613 00 Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Resource Sciences McGill University  21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte\u2010Anne\u2010de\u2010Bellevue Montreal QC H9X 3V9 Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Wolff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary Biomechanics, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald  Loitzer Str. 26 Greifswald 17489 Germany"},{"name":"School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University  Wallumattagal Campus, Macquarie Park Sydney NSW 2109 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4471-9055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Mammola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Museum of Natural History (Luomus)  Pohjoinen Rautatiekatu 13, University of Helsinki Helsinki 00014 Finland"},{"name":"Molecular Ecology Group (MEG), Water Research Institute, National Research Council (CNR\u2010IRSA)  Largo Tonolli 50 Verbania Pallanza 28922 Italy"},{"name":"NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center  Palermo 90133 Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"58","volume-title":"Spider Research in the 21st Century: Trends and Perspectives","author":"Agnarsson 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