{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T07:06:55Z","timestamp":1782976015646,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1195852"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1195852"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Adoles Ment Health"],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Schools provide critical support for students exposed to traumatic experiences, with school\u2010based trauma interventions demonstrating reductions in posttraumatic stress symptoms. However, heterogeneity in design, implementation, and efficacy of existing interventions makes it challenging to select suitable interventions and to understand which components of programs are effective. This review and meta\u2010analysis identified school\u2010based trauma interventions and evaluated the common and effective practice, process, and implementation elements of these programs.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta\u2010Analysis reporting guideline recommendations, a literature search was conducted using keywords of interest. Studies included controlled trials that described school\u2010based interventions designed to reduce post\u2010traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in students. A frequency analysis of emerging elements was executed. A meta\u2010analysis calculated the effect size of individual elements in reducing PTSD symptoms. This review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022337818).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Forty\u2010five studies were included, with 46 datasets used for analysis. The pooled effect size was\n g<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009\u22120.97 (CI: \u22121.29, \u22120.65) for all studies, or\n g<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009\u22120.62 (CI: \u22120.87, \u22120.38) when removing outliers, indicating a medium\u2010large effect of school\u2010based programs in reducing PTSD symptoms. Common practice elements included psychoeducation, cognitive behavioural therapy, and coping skills. Common process elements included group therapy, 10\u201312 sessions, 30\u201360\u2009min in length, 4\u20136\u2009weeks duration, homework assignments, run by mental health professionals. Common implementation elements included supervision of facilitators, 3\u20135\u2009days facilitator training, parental involvement, and the use of a manual.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n The identification of common and effective elements in reducing PTSD among students is critical for the implementation of existing interventions and the development of new interventions.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/camh.70100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T06:41:14Z","timestamp":1782974474000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis of school\u2010based interventions for\n PTSD<\/scp>\n and trauma\u2010related symptoms: what effective elements\u00a0they\u00a0have in common?"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5206-3618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirsten","family":"Rowlinson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucinda","family":"Grummitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Lynch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chloe","family":"Conroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivana","family":"Kihas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma L.","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.113.131227","article-title":"Rates of post\u2010traumatic stress disorder in trauma\u2010exposed children and adolescents: Meta\u2010analysis","volume":"204","author":"Alisic E.","year":"2014","journal-title":"The British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.11124\/JBIES-22-00430","article-title":"The revised JBI critical appraisal tool for the assessment of risk of bias for randomized controlled trials","volume":"21","author":"Barker T.H.","year":"2023","journal-title":"JBI Evidence Synthesis"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1080\/02796015.2011.12087531","article-title":"The conceptualization, integration, and support of evidence\u2010based 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