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Rather than focusing on the individual characteristics of trusters, it examines how mistrust emerges from a subjective evaluation of environments perceived as threatening. Drawing on a body of work on mistrust and trust, the article proposes a two\u2010tiered model distinguishing between underlying mistrust, rooted in generalized social vulnerability, and directed distrust, focused on specific actors. The study identifies four key factors shaping perceptions of environmental threat: precariousness, lack of support, diminished recognition, and limited agency. Ethnographic cases highlight how these factors interact to produce mistrust, and how their presence or absence modulates its expression. The article also incorporates a distinction between mistrust and distrust to refine conceptual clarity. Though grounded in a specific empirical context\u2014immigrant workers navigating Quebec's work injury rehabilitation system\u2014the model is offered as a more generalizable analytical tool. By treating mistrust not as a deficit or pathology but as a rational, context\u2010responsive orientation, this article contributes to the development of a situated theory of mistrust applicable across diverse social fields.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cars.70054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T04:09:18Z","timestamp":1790222958000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Rethinking Mistrust: Elements Toward a Situated Theory on Immigrant Workers"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6766-5790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maude","family":"Arsenault","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al  Montr\u00e9al Qu\u00e9bec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3000-5622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"C\u00f4t\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRSST  Montr\u00e9al Qu\u00e9bec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allen M. andP.Ainley.2011.The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09620214.2011.616348.","DOI":"10.1080\/09620214.2011.616348"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","unstructured":"Arsenault M.2026.Le parcours de la m\u00e9fiance au Qu\u00e9bec: Quand sant\u00e9 travail et migration se croisent.https:\/\/umontreal.scholaris.ca\/items\/22d3003f-37b1-4944-a1b5-52f1dad2d357."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","unstructured":"Arsenault M. andD.C\u00f4t\u00e9.2025. \u201cImmigrant and Mistrust in the Healthcare Setting: A Thematic Review.\u201dJournal of Immigrant and Minority Health.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10903\u2010025\u201001787\u20107."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10519815241290328"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arsenault M. 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