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Currently, there are no biomarkers that can be used to diagnose asbestos exposure. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the levels or detection rate of chemokine (C\u2010C motif) ligand 3 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCL<\/jats:styled-content>3) in the serum are elevated in persons exposed to asbestos. The primary study group consisted of 76 healthy subjects not exposed to asbestos and 172 healthy subjects possibly exposed to asbestos. The secondary study group consisted of 535 subjects possibly exposed to asbestos and diagnosed with pleural plaque (412), benign hydrothorax (10), asbestosis (86), lung cancer (17), and malignant mesothelioma (10). All study subjects who were possibly exposed to asbestos had a certificate of asbestos exposure issued by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. For the primary study group, levels of serum <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCL<\/jats:styled-content>3 did not differ between the two groups. However, the detection rate of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCL<\/jats:styled-content>3 in the serum of healthy subjects possibly exposed to asbestos (30.2%) was significantly higher (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u00a00.001) than for the control group (6.6%). The pleural plaque, benign hydrothorax, asbestosis, and lung cancer groups had serum <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCL<\/jats:styled-content>3 levels and detection rates similar to that of healthy subjects possibly exposed to asbestos. The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCL<\/jats:styled-content>3 chemokine was detected in the serum of 9 of the 10 patients diagnosed with malignant mesothelioma. Three of the patients with malignant mesothelioma had exceptionally high <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCL<\/jats:styled-content>3 levels. Malignant mesothelioma cells from four biopsy cases and an autopsy case were positive for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCL<\/jats:styled-content>3, possibly identifying the source of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCL<\/jats:styled-content>3 in the three malignant mesothelioma patients with exceptionally high serum <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCL<\/jats:styled-content>3 levels. In conclusion, a significantly higher percentage of healthy persons possibly exposed to asbestos had detectable levels of serum <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCL<\/jats:styled-content>3 compared to healthy unexposed control subjects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.12687","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,2]],"date-time":"2015-05-02T06:17:02Z","timestamp":1430547422000},"page":"825-832","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Chemokine (C\u2010C motif) ligand 3 detection in the serum of persons exposed to asbestos: A patient\u2010based study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Jiegou","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanotoxicology Project Nagoya City University Nagoya Japan"},{"name":"Department of Immunology College of Basic Medical Sciences Anhui Medical University Hefei China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David B.","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanotoxicology Project Nagoya City University Nagoya Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaaki","family":"Iigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanotoxicology Project Nagoya City University Nagoya Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirokazu","family":"Hamano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutritional Science Institute Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd. 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