{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T13:29:11Z","timestamp":1790515751333,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,27]],"date-time":"2016-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1461715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSFC81272783"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSFC81272783"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSFC30973075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSFC30973075"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007055","name":"Third Military Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014YCL25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014YCL25"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancer Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Medulloblastoma (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MB<\/jats:styled-content>) is the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor. Despite great improvements in the therapeutic regimen, relapse and leptomeningeal dissemination still pose great challenges to the long\u2010term survival of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MB<\/jats:styled-content> patients. Developing more effective strategies has become extremely urgent. In recent years, a number of malignancies, including <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MB<\/jats:styled-content>, have been found to contain a subpopulation of cancer cells known as cancer stem cells (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSC<\/jats:styled-content>s), or tumor initiating\/propagating cells. The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSC<\/jats:styled-content>s are thought to be largely responsible for tumor initiation, maintenance, dissemination, and relapse; therefore, their pivotal roles have revealed them to be promising targets in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MB<\/jats:styled-content> therapy. Our growing understanding of the major medulloblastoma molecular subgroups and the derivation of some of these groups from specific stem or progenitor cells adds additional layers to the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSC<\/jats:styled-content> knowledge base. Herein we review the current knowledge of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MB<\/jats:styled-content> stem cells, highlight the molecular mechanisms relating to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MB<\/jats:styled-content> relapse and leptomeningeal dissemination, and incorporate these with the need to develop more effective and accurate therapies for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MB<\/jats:styled-content> patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.12925","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,8]],"date-time":"2016-03-08T11:32:42Z","timestamp":1457436762000},"page":"583-589","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Medulloblastoma stem cells: Promising targets in medulloblastoma therapy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Guo\u2010Hao","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Xinqiao Hospital Third Military Medical University Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing\u2010Fu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Xinqiao Hospital Third Military Medical University Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"You\u2010Hong","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center Southwest Hospital Third Military Medical University Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ningning","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuropathology and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease Institute of Neurology University College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiu\u2010Wu","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center Southwest Hospital Third Military Medical University Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheng\u2010Qing","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Xinqiao Hospital Third Military Medical University Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.20138"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2014.11.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-007-0243-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-011-0922-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3410"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-013-1213-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1179386"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0902903"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI57088"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1219747110"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2014.00142"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2012.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0797-730"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0530291100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","first-page":"5821","article-title":"Identification of a cancer stem cell in human brain tumors","volume":"63","author":"Singh SK","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2014.11.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2014.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.03.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2005.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2013.01.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2008.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2008.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09587"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2011.12.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2011.12.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1907510"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2012.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03128"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2008.12.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.20633"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-09-0342"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2014.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0119834"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2036535100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1593\/neo.13148"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4238\/2015.April.13.15"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2011.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2010.131"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2004.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02385"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2011.232"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1401"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.26.5.1666-1678.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.1659"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a014308"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-06-0858"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.518"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-012-0579-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004998"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nos002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024584"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1958"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.7.10.5954"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1627008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2009.06.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.20645"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-13-3629"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.4037"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2015.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nor109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","first-page":"733","article-title":"Downregulation of uPA\/uPAR inhibits intermittent hypoxia\u2010induced epithelial\u2010mesenchymal transition (EMT) in DAOY and D283 medulloblastoma cells","volume":"38","author":"Gupta R","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Oncol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000243"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.12817"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2015.04.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.2742"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-011-1672-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms150611013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0909-1010"}],"container-title":["Cancer Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fcas.12925","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cas.12925","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/cas.12925","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cas.12925","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T17:39:02Z","timestamp":1696354742000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/cas.12925"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,27]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/cas.12925"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cas.12925","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1347-9032","1349-7006"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1347-9032","type":"print"},{"value":"1349-7006","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,27]]}}}